Main Article Content
Abstract
This study aims to explore the reception of Wuthering Heights in China by conducting comparative study on its three Chinese-translated versions, which were published in three periods, to examine how these versions have been translated, published, and disseminated. This study applies historical and archival research methods, close reading methods and comparative methods. The researchers collected the data from the original text of Wuthering Heights and its three Chinese-translated versions, relevant monographs, academic papers and information about the three versions. The academic papers were collected from China National Knowledge Infrastructure, the most authoritative database in China for scientific publications. The information of the three versions was obtained from the Chinese online Chaoxing database, which is the most extensive database that provides information on books based on big data. First, the researchers explored the translation journey of Wuthering Heights in China and the information of its three representative versions that appeared at different times. Second, the researchers investigated the publication route of the three versions, concentrating on the information of the publishing houses, the formats of the three versions and the reprint edition. Third, the researchers analyzed the dissemination of the three versions in the Chinese literary field, focusing on the library collections, citations and academic circle comments. This paper concludes that the translation and circulation process of the three versions promoted the dissemination of Wuthering Heights in China to a great extent. The reasons for the extensive dissemination of Wuthering Heights in China are its excellent charm, translators and scholars’ efforts and Chinese readers’ passion for it.
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Copyright (c) 2022 Qingqing Zhang, Charity Lee, Huzaina Abdul Halim

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References
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- Bourdieu, P. (1996). The rules of art: Genesis and structure of the literary field. Stanford University Press.
- Bourdieu, P. (2008). A conservative revolution in publishing. Translation studies, 1(2), 123-153.
- http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14781700802113465
- Brontë, E. (2011). H? Xiào Sh?n Zhu?ng [Wuthering Heights] (Y. Yang, Trans.). Yilin. (Original work published 1847)
- Brontë, E. (2010). H? Xiào Sh?n Zhu?ng [Wuthering Heights] (P. Fang, Trans.). Shanghai Translation. (Original work published 1847)
- Brontë, E. (2016). H? Xiào Sh?n Zhu?ng [Wuthering Heights] (Z.L.Sun, Trans.). Shanghai Literature &Arts. (Original work published 1847)
- Colin D. McLaren & Mark W. Bruner (2022) Citation network analysis, International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 15(1), 179-198, https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2021.1989705
- Dong, W.G. (1998).Fang Ping’s translated version of Wuthering Heights, Foreign Language and Literature Studies,55(1),38-42.
- Dubbati, B., & Abudayeh, H. (2018). The translator as an activist: reframing conflict in the Arabic translation of Sacco’s Footnotes in Gaza. The
- Translator 24(2), 147-165.
- http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2017.1382662
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- Gouanvic, J. M. (2005). A Bourdieusian theory of translation, or the coincidence of practical instances: field, ‘habitus’, capital and ‘illusio’. The Translator,11(2)147-166.
- https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2005.10799196
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- Mossop, B. (2017). Judging a translation by its cover. The Translator, 24(1), 1-16.
- http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2017.1287545
- Peng, S.Y.,& Zhang, Q.Q. (2016). Characteristics of the two versions of Wuthering Heights based on Toury’s Translational Norms, Foreign Language and Literature Research,2(3),87-95.
- Phillips, J. (2007). The two faces of love in Wuthering Heights. Brontë Studies, 32(2), 96-105.
- https://doi.org/10.1179/147489307X182844
- Rao, C.X. (2000). A Study on the artistic features of Wuthering Heights, Journal of Guangdong Polytechnical Normal University,59(2),18-23.
- Royle, J., Cooper, L., & Stockdale, R. (1999). The use of branding by trade publishers: an investigation into marketing the book as a brand name product. Publishing Research Quarterly, 15(4), 3-13.
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- Sapiro, G. (2008). Translation and the field of publishing: a commentary on Pierre Bourdieu’s “A conservative revolution in publishing”. Translation Studies, 1(2), 154-166.
- https://doi.org/10.1080/14781700802113473
- Sapiro, G. (2018). What factors determine the international circulation of scholarly books? The example of translations between English and French in the era of globalization.In Heilbron, J., Sorá, G., Boncourt, T. (Eds.), The social and human sciences in global power relations (1 ed., pp. 59-93). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
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- Smith, B. H. (2016). What was “close reading”? A century of method in literary studies. The Minnesota Review, 2016(87), 57-75.
- https://doi.org/10.1215/00265667-3630844
- Sun, X.Y.,& Zhang, B.H. (2018). Verifying the necessity of re-translating literary masterpieces by three Chinese versions of Wuthering Heights, Journal of North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power(Social Science Edition),34(3), 122-125.
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- Wang, Z.P.,&Guan, R.F.(2013). Faithfulness in literature translation in light of Translation Skopos Theory--by comparing two Chinese versions of Wuthering Heights, Journal of Jilin Normal University (Humanities & Social Science Edition),41(5),36-38.
- Williams, J., & Chesterman, A. (2002). The map: a beginner’s guide to doing research in translation studies. Routledge.
- Wu, J.(1997). The narrative style of Wuthering Heights is embodied in Sun Zhili’s Chinese translated version, Foreign Language Research,54(4),55-56+64.
- Wu, M.(1995).Yang Yi and Wuthering Heights. A Vast View on Publishing,6(6), 30-32.
- Wu, Y. (2021). The Reception of Mo Yan’s Novel Thirteen Steps?? ????? in Spanish speaking Regions from the Perspective of Variation Theory. Comparative Literature: East & West, 5(2), 204-216. https://doi.org/10.1080/25723618.2021.2006427
- Xie, T.Z.(2017). Medio-Translatology: New perspectives on Comparative Literature and Translation Studies. Comparative Literature: East & West, 1(1), 125-133.
- https://doi.org/10.1080/25723618.2017.1339513
- Xu, J.&Yuan, H.(2013).A Diachronical Study on the complex attributives from the perspective of Corpus-based Translation Studies--a case study on five Chinese translations of Wuthering Heights, Foreign Languages and Their Teaching, 272(5),65-68.
- Yang, Y.(2013). Q?ng Q?ng Zh? Yì[The golden memories of my youth].Fudan University Press.
- Yi, A. T. (2018). When Notes Start to Speak: An Investigation of Footnotes and Interlinear Notes in Contemporary Chinese Bible Versions. The Bible Translator, 69(1), 56-78.
- https://doi.org/10.1177/2051677018754654
- Zha, M.J., & Xie, T.Z.(2007).Èr Shí Shì Jì Zh?ng Guó Wén Xué F?n Yì Sh?[A History of the 20th Century Foreign Literacy Translation in China].Hubei Education Press.
- Zhang, Q.Q,&Peng, S.Y.(2017).A study of Fang Ping’s version of Wuthering Heights from the perspective of Thick Translation, English Square(Academic Research),82(10),3-7.
- Zhang, Y. H.(2017). The film Wuthering Heights produced in 2011, reflected the poetic features of the original text, Journal of Education and Media Studies, 11(5), 88-91.
- Zhang, Z.Y.,&Tian D.B.(2014).Road to canonized translated literature—Yang Yi’s translation of Wuthering Heights in China, Journal of Hefei University of Technology(Social Sciences), (138)5,83-88.
- Zhou, L.S.&Sun, X.X.(2017). A study of Yang Yi’s version of Wuthering Heights: from the perspective of Translator Behavior Criticism, Foreign Languages and Their Teaching,369(6),114-122,148-149
References
Alvstad, C. (2012). The strategic moves of paratexts: world literature through Swedish eyes. Translation Studies, 5(1), 78-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14781700.2012.628817
Bourdieu, P. (1996). The rules of art: Genesis and structure of the literary field. Stanford University Press.
Bourdieu, P. (2008). A conservative revolution in publishing. Translation studies, 1(2), 123-153.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14781700802113465
Brontë, E. (2011). H? Xiào Sh?n Zhu?ng [Wuthering Heights] (Y. Yang, Trans.). Yilin. (Original work published 1847)
Brontë, E. (2010). H? Xiào Sh?n Zhu?ng [Wuthering Heights] (P. Fang, Trans.). Shanghai Translation. (Original work published 1847)
Brontë, E. (2016). H? Xiào Sh?n Zhu?ng [Wuthering Heights] (Z.L.Sun, Trans.). Shanghai Literature &Arts. (Original work published 1847)
Colin D. McLaren & Mark W. Bruner (2022) Citation network analysis, International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 15(1), 179-198, https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2021.1989705
Dong, W.G. (1998).Fang Ping’s translated version of Wuthering Heights, Foreign Language and Literature Studies,55(1),38-42.
Dubbati, B., & Abudayeh, H. (2018). The translator as an activist: reframing conflict in the Arabic translation of Sacco’s Footnotes in Gaza. The
Translator 24(2), 147-165.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2017.1382662
Genette, G. (1997). Paratexts: Thresholds of interpretation (No. 20). Cambridge University Press.
Gouanvic, J. M. (2005). A Bourdieusian theory of translation, or the coincidence of practical instances: field, ‘habitus’, capital and ‘illusio’. The Translator,11(2)147-166.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2005.10799196
Liang, L.X., & Xu, M. W.(2018). A comparative analysis of the reception of four English versions of Fu Sheng Liu Ji: translation, publication and international circulation. Translation Review, 101(1), 7-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/07374836.2018.1475271
Mossop, B. (2017). Judging a translation by its cover. The Translator, 24(1), 1-16.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2017.1287545
Peng, S.Y.,& Zhang, Q.Q. (2016). Characteristics of the two versions of Wuthering Heights based on Toury’s Translational Norms, Foreign Language and Literature Research,2(3),87-95.
Phillips, J. (2007). The two faces of love in Wuthering Heights. Brontë Studies, 32(2), 96-105.
https://doi.org/10.1179/147489307X182844
Rao, C.X. (2000). A Study on the artistic features of Wuthering Heights, Journal of Guangdong Polytechnical Normal University,59(2),18-23.
Royle, J., Cooper, L., & Stockdale, R. (1999). The use of branding by trade publishers: an investigation into marketing the book as a brand name product. Publishing Research Quarterly, 15(4), 3-13.
1007/s12109-999-0031-1
Saldanha, G., & O’Brien, S. (2014). Research methodologies in translation studies. Routledge.
Sapiro, G. (2008). Translation and the field of publishing: a commentary on Pierre Bourdieu’s “A conservative revolution in publishing”. Translation Studies, 1(2), 154-166.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14781700802113473
Sapiro, G. (2018). What factors determine the international circulation of scholarly books? The example of translations between English and French in the era of globalization.In Heilbron, J., Sorá, G., Boncourt, T. (Eds.), The social and human sciences in global power relations (1 ed., pp. 59-93). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
Shen, J.Q,&Tao, Y.(1988).The Conference Review of the First Symposium on Jane Eyre and Wuthering Heights, Foreign Literature Studies,39(1),28.
Smith, B. H. (2016). What was “close reading”? A century of method in literary studies. The Minnesota Review, 2016(87), 57-75.
https://doi.org/10.1215/00265667-3630844
Sun, X.Y.,& Zhang, B.H. (2018). Verifying the necessity of re-translating literary masterpieces by three Chinese versions of Wuthering Heights, Journal of North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power(Social Science Edition),34(3), 122-125.
Venuti, L. (2008).Translation, interpretation, canon formation. In Lianeri, A. & Zajko, V(Eds.), Translation and the Classic: Identity as Change in the History of Culture(1 ed., pp.27-51). Oxford University Press.
Wang, N. (2012). On Chinese translation of Wuthering Heights from the perspective of Translation Aesthetics--a comparison of Fang Ping’s version and Yang Yi’s version [Master’s thesis, Guangxi Normal University]. China Master’s Theses Full-text Database.
Wang, Z.P.,&Guan, R.F.(2013). Faithfulness in literature translation in light of Translation Skopos Theory--by comparing two Chinese versions of Wuthering Heights, Journal of Jilin Normal University (Humanities & Social Science Edition),41(5),36-38.
Williams, J., & Chesterman, A. (2002). The map: a beginner’s guide to doing research in translation studies. Routledge.
Wu, J.(1997). The narrative style of Wuthering Heights is embodied in Sun Zhili’s Chinese translated version, Foreign Language Research,54(4),55-56+64.
Wu, M.(1995).Yang Yi and Wuthering Heights. A Vast View on Publishing,6(6), 30-32.
Wu, Y. (2021). The Reception of Mo Yan’s Novel Thirteen Steps?? ????? in Spanish speaking Regions from the Perspective of Variation Theory. Comparative Literature: East & West, 5(2), 204-216. https://doi.org/10.1080/25723618.2021.2006427
Xie, T.Z.(2017). Medio-Translatology: New perspectives on Comparative Literature and Translation Studies. Comparative Literature: East & West, 1(1), 125-133.
https://doi.org/10.1080/25723618.2017.1339513
Xu, J.&Yuan, H.(2013).A Diachronical Study on the complex attributives from the perspective of Corpus-based Translation Studies--a case study on five Chinese translations of Wuthering Heights, Foreign Languages and Their Teaching, 272(5),65-68.
Yang, Y.(2013). Q?ng Q?ng Zh? Yì[The golden memories of my youth].Fudan University Press.
Yi, A. T. (2018). When Notes Start to Speak: An Investigation of Footnotes and Interlinear Notes in Contemporary Chinese Bible Versions. The Bible Translator, 69(1), 56-78.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2051677018754654
Zha, M.J., & Xie, T.Z.(2007).Èr Shí Shì Jì Zh?ng Guó Wén Xué F?n Yì Sh?[A History of the 20th Century Foreign Literacy Translation in China].Hubei Education Press.
Zhang, Q.Q,&Peng, S.Y.(2017).A study of Fang Ping’s version of Wuthering Heights from the perspective of Thick Translation, English Square(Academic Research),82(10),3-7.
Zhang, Y. H.(2017). The film Wuthering Heights produced in 2011, reflected the poetic features of the original text, Journal of Education and Media Studies, 11(5), 88-91.
Zhang, Z.Y.,&Tian D.B.(2014).Road to canonized translated literature—Yang Yi’s translation of Wuthering Heights in China, Journal of Hefei University of Technology(Social Sciences), (138)5,83-88.
Zhou, L.S.&Sun, X.X.(2017). A study of Yang Yi’s version of Wuthering Heights: from the perspective of Translator Behavior Criticism, Foreign Languages and Their Teaching,369(6),114-122,148-149