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Abstract
Arguably, second language acquisition has always been an interesting topic to discuss, proven by many existing theories that play an essential role and contribute to this field's advancement and proliferation. Among many are Processability Theory (PT), a prominent theory of L2 development and processing theory that predicts well-ordered, cross-linguistically valid stages in second language acquisition and provides language-specific predictions covering developmental and variational stages dimensions (Pienemann, 1998, 2005, 2015). It accounts for explicit prediction of the language elements in which L2 learners learn to process different morphological and syntactical structures productively regardless of their backgrounds.
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References
- Clahsen, H., Meisel, J., & Pienemann, M. (1983). Deutsch als Zweitsprache. Der
- Spracherwerb ausländischer Arbeiter. Tübingen, Germany: Narr.
- De Bot, K., Lowie, W., & Verspoor, M. (2007). A dynamic systems theory
- approach to second language acquisition. Bilingualism: Language and
- Cognition, 10(1), 7 21. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728906002732
- Dyson, B. P. (2021). Variational in second language acquisition: A language
- processing perspective (Vol. 8). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John
- Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/palart.8
- Larsen-Freeman, D. (2012). Complex, dynamic systems: A new
- transdisciplinary theme for applied linguistics? Language Teaching, 45(2),
- –214. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444811000061
- Lowie, W., & Verspoor, M. (2015). Variability and variation in acquisition
- orders: A dynamic reevaluation. Language Learning, 65(1), 63–88.
- https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12093
- Meisel, J. M., Clahsen, H., & Pienemann, M. (1981). On determining
- developmental stages in natural second language acquisition. Studies in
- Second Language Acquisition, 3(2), 109–135.
- https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263100004137.
- Pienemann, M. (1989). Is language teachable? Psycholinguistic experiments
- and hypotheses. Applied Linguistics, 10(1), 52–79. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/10.1.52
- Pienemann, M. (1998). Language processing and second language development:
- Processability theory. John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/sibil.15
- Pienemann, M. (Ed.) (2005). Cross-linguistic aspects of Processability Theory.
- Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/sibil.30
- Pienemann, M. (2015). An outline of Processability Theory and its relationship
- to other approaches to SLA. Language Learning, 65(1), 123–151. https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12095
- Pienemann, M., & Johnston, M. (1987). Factors influencing the development of
- language proficiency. In D. Nunan (Ed.), Applying second language
- acquisition research (pp. 45–141). Adelaide, Australia: National
- Curriculum Research Centre, Adult Migrant Education Program.
References
Clahsen, H., Meisel, J., & Pienemann, M. (1983). Deutsch als Zweitsprache. Der
Spracherwerb ausländischer Arbeiter. Tübingen, Germany: Narr.
De Bot, K., Lowie, W., & Verspoor, M. (2007). A dynamic systems theory
approach to second language acquisition. Bilingualism: Language and
Cognition, 10(1), 7 21. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728906002732
Dyson, B. P. (2021). Variational in second language acquisition: A language
processing perspective (Vol. 8). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John
Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/palart.8
Larsen-Freeman, D. (2012). Complex, dynamic systems: A new
transdisciplinary theme for applied linguistics? Language Teaching, 45(2),
–214. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444811000061
Lowie, W., & Verspoor, M. (2015). Variability and variation in acquisition
orders: A dynamic reevaluation. Language Learning, 65(1), 63–88.
https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12093
Meisel, J. M., Clahsen, H., & Pienemann, M. (1981). On determining
developmental stages in natural second language acquisition. Studies in
Second Language Acquisition, 3(2), 109–135.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263100004137.
Pienemann, M. (1989). Is language teachable? Psycholinguistic experiments
and hypotheses. Applied Linguistics, 10(1), 52–79. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/10.1.52
Pienemann, M. (1998). Language processing and second language development:
Processability theory. John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/sibil.15
Pienemann, M. (Ed.) (2005). Cross-linguistic aspects of Processability Theory.
Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/sibil.30
Pienemann, M. (2015). An outline of Processability Theory and its relationship
to other approaches to SLA. Language Learning, 65(1), 123–151. https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12095
Pienemann, M., & Johnston, M. (1987). Factors influencing the development of
language proficiency. In D. Nunan (Ed.), Applying second language
acquisition research (pp. 45–141). Adelaide, Australia: National
Curriculum Research Centre, Adult Migrant Education Program.