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Abstract
This study attempts to reveal how language is being used in the conservation of orangutan in Bukit Lawang, North Sumatra, Indonesia. The researchers focus on investigating the framing and metaphor as the reflection of how language is being used to represent the ideology of the policy makers, conservationist, local communities in communicating the urgency of protecting orangutan. The problem is vivid since there is no attempt before by linguists to discover the role of language in the conservation of orangutan. Hence, the status quo remains unanswered. This research fills the gap of the missing links of the unknown about the language used in orangutan’ conservation. This research applied qualitative research in which the data gathered in the form of discourses from various sources like infographic, reports and interview. At the same time, this study embraced Stibbe’s approach in ecolinguistics. Some results are quite alarming because the type of the framing about orangutan is negative such as Human-wildlife conflict frame or destructive metaphor such as ‘orangutan is the pest’ and ‘the kidnapper’. There are also ambivalent framing and metaphor which put endangered animal in a vague situation.
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How to Cite
Wardana, M. K., & Geubrina, M. (2024). Framing and metaphor in the discourse of Sumatran orangutans’ conservation: Ecolinguistics study. JOALL (Journal of Applied Linguistics and Literature), 9(1), 201–221. https://doi.org/10.33369/joall.v9i1.29977
References
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Ain, Q., Ahmed, F., & Nawaz, M. (2021). an Ecolinguistic Analysis of Linguistic Discourses in Advertisements Frame Stories To Enhance Their Importance To Replace Natural Products. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, 9(2), 150–159. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2021.9215
Alexander, R., & Stibbe, A. (2014). From the analysis of ecological discourse to the ecological analysis of discourse. Language Sciences, 41, 104–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2013.08.011
Carne, C., Semple, S., & Lehm, J. (2012). The Effects of Climate Change on Orangutans: A Time Budget Model. Climate Models, March 2012. https://doi.org/10.5772/33243
Chau, M. H., & Jacobs, G. M. (2022). Practical applications of ecolinguistics. Journal of World Languages, 8(2), 227–231. https://doi.org/10.1515/jwl-2022-0034
Chukwu, P., Agwuocha, E., & Anaekperechi, U. (2022). Stories We Live By: Conceptual Metaphors and Ecolinguistics Analysis of Environmental Degradation Discourses in Select Niger Delta Poems. 05(05), 99–109.
Connolly, I. (2023). Spatial co-occurrence of species and language in biodiverse regions : A golden opportunity for conservation. Language & Ecology, 1–35.
Hameed, A. (2021). An Ecolinguistic Perspective on Framing of Animals in Quranic Discourse. Arab World English Journal For Translation and Literary Studies, 5(3), 113–124. https://doi.org/10.24093/awejtls/vol5no3.9
Hardus, M. E., Lameira, A. R., Zulfa, A., Atmoko, S. S. U., de Vries, H., & Wich, S. A. (2012). Behavioral, Ecological, and Evolutionary Aspects of Meat-Eating by Sumatran Orangutans (Pongo abelii). International Journal of Primatology, 33(2), 287–304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-011-9574-z
Hulme, M., Obermeister, N., Randalls, S., & Borie, M. (2018). Framing the challenge of climate change in Nature and Science editorials. Nature Climate Change, 8(6), 515–521. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0174-1
Katz, D., Kronrod, A., Grinstein, A., & Nisan, U. (2018). StillWaters run deep: Comparing assertive and suggestive language in water conservation campaigns. Water (Switzerland), 10(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/w10030275
Lakoff, G., & Johnsen, M. (1980). Metaphors We Live By. In The University of Chicago (Vol. 4, Issue 1). The University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.5840/thinking19824147
Li, N., & Su, L. Y.-F. (2018). Message Framing and Climate Change Communication: A Meta-Analytical Review. Journal of Applied Communications, 102(3). https://doi.org/10.4148/1051-0834.2189
Lin, Z., & Cao, R. (2022). A Corpus-Based Study on Metaphor in Ecological Discourses. Academic Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences, 5(8), 97–103. https://doi.org/10.25236/ajhss.2022.050816
Lindø, A. V., & Bundsgaard, J. (eds. . (2000). Dialectical ecolinguistics. In 30 Years of Language and Ecology (Issue December).
Ma, C., & Stibbe, A. (2022). The search for new stories to live by: A summary of ten ecolinguistics lectures delivered by Arran Stibbe. Journal of World Languages, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1515/jwl-2021-0031
McHugh, L. H., Lemos, M. C., & Morrison, T. H. (2021). Risk? Crisis? Emergency? Implications of the new climate emergency framing for governance and policy. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 12(6), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.736
Meijaard, E., Wich, S., Ancrenaz, M., & Marshall, A. J. (2012). Not by science alone: Why orangutan conservationists must think outside the box. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1249(1), 29–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06288.x
Minarchek, M. (2018). Plantations, Peddlers, and Nature Protection: The Transnational Origins of Indonesia’s Orangutan Crisis, 1910-1930. TRaNS: Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia, 6(1), 101–129. https://doi.org/10.1017/trn.2017.18
Mogambi-moinani, A. (2023). A linguistic analysis of inclusiveness and exclusion in Kenya ’ s Mau Forest conservation discourse. Language & Ecology, 1–17.
Moleón, M., Sánchez-Zapata, J. A., Donázar, J. A., Revilla, E., Martín-López, B., Gutiérrez-Cánovas, C., Getz, W. M., Morales-Reyes, Z., Campos-Arceiz, A., Crowder, L. B., Galetti, M., González-Suárez, M., He, F., Jordano, P., Lewison, R., Naidoo, R., Owen-Smith, N., Selva, N., Svenning, J. C., … Tockner, K. (2020). Rethinking megafauna. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 287(1922). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2643
Murray, S. (2020). Framing a climate crisis. Uppsala Universitet.
Negret, P. J., Atkinson, S. C., Woodworth, B. K., Tor, M. C., Allan, J. R., Fuller, R. A., & Amano, T. (2022). Language barriers in global bird conservation. PLoS ONE, 17(4 April), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267151
Nilsson, D., Gramotnev, G., Baxter, G., Butler, J. R. A., Wich, S. A., & McAlpine, C. A. (2016). Community motivations to engage in conservation behavior to conserve the Sumatran orangutan. Conservation Biology : The Journal of the Society for Conservation Biology, 30(4), 816–826. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12650
Pan, Z., & Kosicki, G. M. (1993). Framing analysis: An approach to news discourse. Political Communication, 10(1), 55–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.1993.9962963
Purwoko, A., Kuswanda, W., Situmorang, R. O. P., Hutapea, F. J., Saputra, M. H., & Pasaribu, P. H. P. (2022). Orangutan Ecotourism on Sumatra Island: Current Conditions and a Call for Further Development. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(18). https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811328
Riaz, S., Mehmood, R., & Shah, A. H. (2022). The Language of Cultural Ecopoetics: A Linguistic Articulation of Ecological Framing in The Arrival of Monsoon. 3L: Language, Linguistics, Literature, 28(3), 52–68. https://doi.org/10.17576/3L-2022-2803-04
Rose, A. L. (1995). The Neglected Ape. The Neglected Ape, January 1995. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1091-2
Semetko, H. A., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2000). Framing European politics: A content analysis of press and television news. Journal of Communication, 50(2), 93–109. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02843.x
Skinnemoen, J. (2009). Metaphors in Climate Change Discourse. In University of Oslo Press. The University of Oslo.
Stibbe, A. (2014). an Ecolinguistic Approach To Critical Discourse Studies. Critical Discourse Studies, 11(1), 117–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2013.845789
Stibbe, A. (2015a). Ecolinguistics (A. Stibbe (ed.); First). Routledge.
Stibbe, A. (2015b). Stibbe, Arran (2015). Ecolinguistics: Language, Ecology and the Stories We Live By. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415837811.
Susilawati, S. S., Fauzi, A., Kusmana, C., & Santoso, N. (2020). Strategi dan Kebijakan dalam Pengelolaan Wisata Konservasi Orangutan Sumatera (Pongo abelii) di Bukit Lawang Kabupaten Langkat Sumatera Utara. Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam Dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management), 10(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.10.1.1-12
Welden, R. F. (2017). Framing Human - wildlife Conflict in The Intermountain West: Content Analysis of Daily Newspapers to Diverse Audiences Submitted by Robert Foster Welden Department of Human Dimensions of Natural Resources In [Colorado State University]. In Academia.Edu. https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/handle/11343/56627%0Ahttp://www.academia.edu/download/39541120/performance_culture.doc
Wich, S. A., Fredriksson, G., Usher, G., Kühl, H. S., & Nowak, M. G. (2019). The Tapanuli orangutan: Status, threats, and steps for improved conservation. Conservation Science and Practice, 1(6). https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.33
Wroe, S., Field, J. H., Archer, M., Grayson, D. K., Price, G. J., Louys, J., Faith, J. T., Webb, G. E., Davidson, I., & Mooney, S. D. (2013). Climate change frames debate over the extinction of megafauna in Sahul (Pleistocene australia-new guinea). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110(22), 8777–8781. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1302698110
Yuniawan, T. (2017). Ecolinguistic Study of Conservation News Texts in Indonesian Mass Media. International Journal of Humanity Studies, 1(2), 163–183. https://doi.org/10.24071/ijhs.2018.010203
Yuniawan, T., Rokhman, F., & Bakti Mardikantoro, H. (2018). The Journal of Educational Development Eco-Lexicons in Conservation News Text in Mass Media: Ecolinguistics Study. The Journal of Educational Development, 6(1), 1–15. http://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/jed
Yuniawan, T., Rokhman, F., Rustono, & Mardikantoro, H. B. (2023). An eco-linguistic analysis of conservation news published by mass media in Indonesia. Cogent Arts and Humanities, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2023.2174519
Yuniawan, T., Rokhman, F., Rustono, R., & Mardikantoro, H. B. (2018). Analysis of Types of Ecolexicon Expression in Conservation News Text in Mass Media: Ecolinguistics Perspective. Atlantis Press, December. https://doi.org/10.2991/prasasti-18.2018.61
Zeniakin, O. (2022). Framing the environment under the pandemic: The anthropocentric perspective (a case study of British online media). International Ecolinguistics Association, 1–17. http://ecolinguistics-association.org/journal
References
Ain, Q., Ahmed, F., & Nawaz, M. (2021). an Ecolinguistic Analysis of Linguistic Discourses in Advertisements Frame Stories To Enhance Their Importance To Replace Natural Products. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, 9(2), 150–159. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2021.9215
Alexander, R., & Stibbe, A. (2014). From the analysis of ecological discourse to the ecological analysis of discourse. Language Sciences, 41, 104–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2013.08.011
Carne, C., Semple, S., & Lehm, J. (2012). The Effects of Climate Change on Orangutans: A Time Budget Model. Climate Models, March 2012. https://doi.org/10.5772/33243
Chau, M. H., & Jacobs, G. M. (2022). Practical applications of ecolinguistics. Journal of World Languages, 8(2), 227–231. https://doi.org/10.1515/jwl-2022-0034
Chukwu, P., Agwuocha, E., & Anaekperechi, U. (2022). Stories We Live By: Conceptual Metaphors and Ecolinguistics Analysis of Environmental Degradation Discourses in Select Niger Delta Poems. 05(05), 99–109.
Connolly, I. (2023). Spatial co-occurrence of species and language in biodiverse regions : A golden opportunity for conservation. Language & Ecology, 1–35.
Hameed, A. (2021). An Ecolinguistic Perspective on Framing of Animals in Quranic Discourse. Arab World English Journal For Translation and Literary Studies, 5(3), 113–124. https://doi.org/10.24093/awejtls/vol5no3.9
Hardus, M. E., Lameira, A. R., Zulfa, A., Atmoko, S. S. U., de Vries, H., & Wich, S. A. (2012). Behavioral, Ecological, and Evolutionary Aspects of Meat-Eating by Sumatran Orangutans (Pongo abelii). International Journal of Primatology, 33(2), 287–304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-011-9574-z
Hulme, M., Obermeister, N., Randalls, S., & Borie, M. (2018). Framing the challenge of climate change in Nature and Science editorials. Nature Climate Change, 8(6), 515–521. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0174-1
Katz, D., Kronrod, A., Grinstein, A., & Nisan, U. (2018). StillWaters run deep: Comparing assertive and suggestive language in water conservation campaigns. Water (Switzerland), 10(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/w10030275
Lakoff, G., & Johnsen, M. (1980). Metaphors We Live By. In The University of Chicago (Vol. 4, Issue 1). The University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.5840/thinking19824147
Li, N., & Su, L. Y.-F. (2018). Message Framing and Climate Change Communication: A Meta-Analytical Review. Journal of Applied Communications, 102(3). https://doi.org/10.4148/1051-0834.2189
Lin, Z., & Cao, R. (2022). A Corpus-Based Study on Metaphor in Ecological Discourses. Academic Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences, 5(8), 97–103. https://doi.org/10.25236/ajhss.2022.050816
Lindø, A. V., & Bundsgaard, J. (eds. . (2000). Dialectical ecolinguistics. In 30 Years of Language and Ecology (Issue December).
Ma, C., & Stibbe, A. (2022). The search for new stories to live by: A summary of ten ecolinguistics lectures delivered by Arran Stibbe. Journal of World Languages, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1515/jwl-2021-0031
McHugh, L. H., Lemos, M. C., & Morrison, T. H. (2021). Risk? Crisis? Emergency? Implications of the new climate emergency framing for governance and policy. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 12(6), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.736
Meijaard, E., Wich, S., Ancrenaz, M., & Marshall, A. J. (2012). Not by science alone: Why orangutan conservationists must think outside the box. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1249(1), 29–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06288.x
Minarchek, M. (2018). Plantations, Peddlers, and Nature Protection: The Transnational Origins of Indonesia’s Orangutan Crisis, 1910-1930. TRaNS: Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia, 6(1), 101–129. https://doi.org/10.1017/trn.2017.18
Mogambi-moinani, A. (2023). A linguistic analysis of inclusiveness and exclusion in Kenya ’ s Mau Forest conservation discourse. Language & Ecology, 1–17.
Moleón, M., Sánchez-Zapata, J. A., Donázar, J. A., Revilla, E., Martín-López, B., Gutiérrez-Cánovas, C., Getz, W. M., Morales-Reyes, Z., Campos-Arceiz, A., Crowder, L. B., Galetti, M., González-Suárez, M., He, F., Jordano, P., Lewison, R., Naidoo, R., Owen-Smith, N., Selva, N., Svenning, J. C., … Tockner, K. (2020). Rethinking megafauna. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 287(1922). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2643
Murray, S. (2020). Framing a climate crisis. Uppsala Universitet.
Negret, P. J., Atkinson, S. C., Woodworth, B. K., Tor, M. C., Allan, J. R., Fuller, R. A., & Amano, T. (2022). Language barriers in global bird conservation. PLoS ONE, 17(4 April), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267151
Nilsson, D., Gramotnev, G., Baxter, G., Butler, J. R. A., Wich, S. A., & McAlpine, C. A. (2016). Community motivations to engage in conservation behavior to conserve the Sumatran orangutan. Conservation Biology : The Journal of the Society for Conservation Biology, 30(4), 816–826. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12650
Pan, Z., & Kosicki, G. M. (1993). Framing analysis: An approach to news discourse. Political Communication, 10(1), 55–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.1993.9962963
Purwoko, A., Kuswanda, W., Situmorang, R. O. P., Hutapea, F. J., Saputra, M. H., & Pasaribu, P. H. P. (2022). Orangutan Ecotourism on Sumatra Island: Current Conditions and a Call for Further Development. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(18). https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811328
Riaz, S., Mehmood, R., & Shah, A. H. (2022). The Language of Cultural Ecopoetics: A Linguistic Articulation of Ecological Framing in The Arrival of Monsoon. 3L: Language, Linguistics, Literature, 28(3), 52–68. https://doi.org/10.17576/3L-2022-2803-04
Rose, A. L. (1995). The Neglected Ape. The Neglected Ape, January 1995. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1091-2
Semetko, H. A., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2000). Framing European politics: A content analysis of press and television news. Journal of Communication, 50(2), 93–109. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02843.x
Skinnemoen, J. (2009). Metaphors in Climate Change Discourse. In University of Oslo Press. The University of Oslo.
Stibbe, A. (2014). an Ecolinguistic Approach To Critical Discourse Studies. Critical Discourse Studies, 11(1), 117–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2013.845789
Stibbe, A. (2015a). Ecolinguistics (A. Stibbe (ed.); First). Routledge.
Stibbe, A. (2015b). Stibbe, Arran (2015). Ecolinguistics: Language, Ecology and the Stories We Live By. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415837811.
Susilawati, S. S., Fauzi, A., Kusmana, C., & Santoso, N. (2020). Strategi dan Kebijakan dalam Pengelolaan Wisata Konservasi Orangutan Sumatera (Pongo abelii) di Bukit Lawang Kabupaten Langkat Sumatera Utara. Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam Dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management), 10(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.10.1.1-12
Welden, R. F. (2017). Framing Human - wildlife Conflict in The Intermountain West: Content Analysis of Daily Newspapers to Diverse Audiences Submitted by Robert Foster Welden Department of Human Dimensions of Natural Resources In [Colorado State University]. In Academia.Edu. https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/handle/11343/56627%0Ahttp://www.academia.edu/download/39541120/performance_culture.doc
Wich, S. A., Fredriksson, G., Usher, G., Kühl, H. S., & Nowak, M. G. (2019). The Tapanuli orangutan: Status, threats, and steps for improved conservation. Conservation Science and Practice, 1(6). https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.33
Wroe, S., Field, J. H., Archer, M., Grayson, D. K., Price, G. J., Louys, J., Faith, J. T., Webb, G. E., Davidson, I., & Mooney, S. D. (2013). Climate change frames debate over the extinction of megafauna in Sahul (Pleistocene australia-new guinea). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110(22), 8777–8781. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1302698110
Yuniawan, T. (2017). Ecolinguistic Study of Conservation News Texts in Indonesian Mass Media. International Journal of Humanity Studies, 1(2), 163–183. https://doi.org/10.24071/ijhs.2018.010203
Yuniawan, T., Rokhman, F., & Bakti Mardikantoro, H. (2018). The Journal of Educational Development Eco-Lexicons in Conservation News Text in Mass Media: Ecolinguistics Study. The Journal of Educational Development, 6(1), 1–15. http://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/jed
Yuniawan, T., Rokhman, F., Rustono, & Mardikantoro, H. B. (2023). An eco-linguistic analysis of conservation news published by mass media in Indonesia. Cogent Arts and Humanities, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2023.2174519
Yuniawan, T., Rokhman, F., Rustono, R., & Mardikantoro, H. B. (2018). Analysis of Types of Ecolexicon Expression in Conservation News Text in Mass Media: Ecolinguistics Perspective. Atlantis Press, December. https://doi.org/10.2991/prasasti-18.2018.61
Zeniakin, O. (2022). Framing the environment under the pandemic: The anthropocentric perspective (a case study of British online media). International Ecolinguistics Association, 1–17. http://ecolinguistics-association.org/journal
Alexander, R., & Stibbe, A. (2014). From the analysis of ecological discourse to the ecological analysis of discourse. Language Sciences, 41, 104–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2013.08.011
Carne, C., Semple, S., & Lehm, J. (2012). The Effects of Climate Change on Orangutans: A Time Budget Model. Climate Models, March 2012. https://doi.org/10.5772/33243
Chau, M. H., & Jacobs, G. M. (2022). Practical applications of ecolinguistics. Journal of World Languages, 8(2), 227–231. https://doi.org/10.1515/jwl-2022-0034
Chukwu, P., Agwuocha, E., & Anaekperechi, U. (2022). Stories We Live By: Conceptual Metaphors and Ecolinguistics Analysis of Environmental Degradation Discourses in Select Niger Delta Poems. 05(05), 99–109.
Connolly, I. (2023). Spatial co-occurrence of species and language in biodiverse regions : A golden opportunity for conservation. Language & Ecology, 1–35.
Hameed, A. (2021). An Ecolinguistic Perspective on Framing of Animals in Quranic Discourse. Arab World English Journal For Translation and Literary Studies, 5(3), 113–124. https://doi.org/10.24093/awejtls/vol5no3.9
Hardus, M. E., Lameira, A. R., Zulfa, A., Atmoko, S. S. U., de Vries, H., & Wich, S. A. (2012). Behavioral, Ecological, and Evolutionary Aspects of Meat-Eating by Sumatran Orangutans (Pongo abelii). International Journal of Primatology, 33(2), 287–304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-011-9574-z
Hulme, M., Obermeister, N., Randalls, S., & Borie, M. (2018). Framing the challenge of climate change in Nature and Science editorials. Nature Climate Change, 8(6), 515–521. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0174-1
Katz, D., Kronrod, A., Grinstein, A., & Nisan, U. (2018). StillWaters run deep: Comparing assertive and suggestive language in water conservation campaigns. Water (Switzerland), 10(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/w10030275
Lakoff, G., & Johnsen, M. (1980). Metaphors We Live By. In The University of Chicago (Vol. 4, Issue 1). The University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.5840/thinking19824147
Li, N., & Su, L. Y.-F. (2018). Message Framing and Climate Change Communication: A Meta-Analytical Review. Journal of Applied Communications, 102(3). https://doi.org/10.4148/1051-0834.2189
Lin, Z., & Cao, R. (2022). A Corpus-Based Study on Metaphor in Ecological Discourses. Academic Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences, 5(8), 97–103. https://doi.org/10.25236/ajhss.2022.050816
Lindø, A. V., & Bundsgaard, J. (eds. . (2000). Dialectical ecolinguistics. In 30 Years of Language and Ecology (Issue December).
Ma, C., & Stibbe, A. (2022). The search for new stories to live by: A summary of ten ecolinguistics lectures delivered by Arran Stibbe. Journal of World Languages, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1515/jwl-2021-0031
McHugh, L. H., Lemos, M. C., & Morrison, T. H. (2021). Risk? Crisis? Emergency? Implications of the new climate emergency framing for governance and policy. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 12(6), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.736
Meijaard, E., Wich, S., Ancrenaz, M., & Marshall, A. J. (2012). Not by science alone: Why orangutan conservationists must think outside the box. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1249(1), 29–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06288.x
Minarchek, M. (2018). Plantations, Peddlers, and Nature Protection: The Transnational Origins of Indonesia’s Orangutan Crisis, 1910-1930. TRaNS: Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia, 6(1), 101–129. https://doi.org/10.1017/trn.2017.18
Mogambi-moinani, A. (2023). A linguistic analysis of inclusiveness and exclusion in Kenya ’ s Mau Forest conservation discourse. Language & Ecology, 1–17.
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