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Abstract
The politeness, dignity, serenity, and tranquillity should be reflected by the investigator without violence during the interrogation process. This study aims to identify the Forensic Conversational Implicature (FCI) found in a police interrogation of a murder case. A qualitative method with a philosophical approach was used, and Forensic Discourse Analysis was used as an analytical framework. A documentation study method was used to collect the data in the form of an interrogation video obtained from the Explore with Us YouTube channel. Utterances that are indicated as implicature are the data taken from the interrogation video, particularly in murder cases that happened in the U.S. In analyzing the data, deductive content analysis was applied. The results show that two types of FCI are found in this study, with particularized conversational implicature as the most dominant since it requires certain background knowledge and context to understand the investigator’s utterances. Meanwhile, generalized took second place as it does not require specific context knowledge to determine the additional conveyed meaning of several investigators’ utterances. Moreover, the reasons behind the realization of CI are under two themes, namely, gaining trust and humanity.
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Copyright (c) 2024 Nadhirah Muthi'ah, Eddy Setia, Rahmadsyah Rangkuti
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How to Cite
Is the FCI Effective as the Police Strategy in Interrogation?. (2024). JOALL (Journal of Applied Linguistics and Literature), 9(2), 579–594. https://doi.org/10.33369/joall.v9i2.33882
References
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Targets in Police Investigative Interviews. Proceedings of the 6th Annual International Seminar on Transformative Education and Educational Leadership (AISTEEL 2021).
Baldwin, J. (1993). Police interview techniques. The British Journal of
Criminology, 33, 325-352.
Chapman, Siobhan. (2005). Paul Grice, Philosopher and Linguist.
Basingstoke/New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Coulthard, M., Johnson, A., & David, W. (2017). An Introduction to Forensic
Linguistics Language in Evidence (Second Ed). Routledge.
doi:10.31826/9781463209674-001
Cristina, Vivian. (2021). Conversational Implicature Analysis in TV Show
“F.R.I.E.N.D.S”: Pragmatic Approach. University Putera Batam.
Gibbons, J. (2007). Forensic Linguistics an Introduction to Language in The
Justice System. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Grice, H. (1975). Logic and Conversation. In Studies in the Way of Words
(pp. 305–315). United Kingdom: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.1057/97802300058535
Grice, H. Paul. (1989) Studies in the Way of Words. Cambridge. MA:
Harvard University Press.
Ines & Natsir. (2023). An Analysis of Conversational Implicature in The
Interview Movie. Indonesia.
Korta, Kepa. (1997). Implicatures: Cancelability and Non-detachability.
Research Gate report number: ILCLI-97-LIC-6.
Leahy-Harland, S., & Bull, R. (2017). Police Strategies and Suspect Responses
in Real-Life Serious Crime Interviews. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 32(2), 138–151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-016-9207-8
Leech, G. N. (1983). Pragmatics, discourse analysis, stylistics and “The
Celebrated Letter.”
Levinson, Stephen C. 2000. Presumptive Meanings the Theory of Generalized
Conversational Implicature. Cambridge. MA: MFF Press.
Moston, S., & Engelberg, T. (1993). Police questioning techniques in tape
Recorded interviews with criminal suspects. Policing and Society,
3(July). https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.1993.9964670
Praptomo, B. I. (2012). Bahasa, kekuasaan, dan kekerasan (2nd ed.).
Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University Press.
Safitri, E., & Ambalegin. (2023). Conversational Implicature Types Used in the
Movie “Over the Moon”. E—Journal of English Language & Literature. Vol. 12 (2).
Saletović, L. M., & Kišiček, G. (2012). Contribution to the analysis of witness
Statements in the croatian language. Suvremena Lingvistika, 38(73), 73–
88
Santoso, D.A.H., & Apriyanto, S. (2020) Pragmatic Implicature Analysis of
Police Interrogation: Forensic Linguistics Analysis. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation. 24(6). DOI:10.37200/IJPR/V24I6/PR260009
Satria, H., Darwis, M., & Kamsinah. (2022). Implikatur Percakapan Interogasi
Terhadap saksi/Korban Penganiyaan: Kajian Linguistik Forensik. Jurnal
Ilmu Budaya, Vol. X (2)
Shuy, R. W. (2011). Applied Linguistics in the Legal Arena. Berlin: Mouton de
Gruyter
Verhoeven, W. J. (2016). The complex relationship between interrogation
techniques, suspects Changing their statement and legal assistance. Evidence from a Dutch sample of police interviews. Policing and Society, 28(3), 308–327. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2016.1157594
Ward, Horn. (2006). Implicature: The Handbook of Pragmatics, Laurence R.
Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Yule, G. (1996). Pragmatics. New York: Oxford University Press.
References
Ade, F.S., Sumarsih., & Sri, M.M. (2021). Conversational Maxims of Operation
Targets in Police Investigative Interviews. Proceedings of the 6th Annual International Seminar on Transformative Education and Educational Leadership (AISTEEL 2021).
Baldwin, J. (1993). Police interview techniques. The British Journal of
Criminology, 33, 325-352.
Chapman, Siobhan. (2005). Paul Grice, Philosopher and Linguist.
Basingstoke/New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Coulthard, M., Johnson, A., & David, W. (2017). An Introduction to Forensic
Linguistics Language in Evidence (Second Ed). Routledge.
doi:10.31826/9781463209674-001
Cristina, Vivian. (2021). Conversational Implicature Analysis in TV Show
“F.R.I.E.N.D.S”: Pragmatic Approach. University Putera Batam.
Gibbons, J. (2007). Forensic Linguistics an Introduction to Language in The
Justice System. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Grice, H. (1975). Logic and Conversation. In Studies in the Way of Words
(pp. 305–315). United Kingdom: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.1057/97802300058535
Grice, H. Paul. (1989) Studies in the Way of Words. Cambridge. MA:
Harvard University Press.
Ines & Natsir. (2023). An Analysis of Conversational Implicature in The
Interview Movie. Indonesia.
Korta, Kepa. (1997). Implicatures: Cancelability and Non-detachability.
Research Gate report number: ILCLI-97-LIC-6.
Leahy-Harland, S., & Bull, R. (2017). Police Strategies and Suspect Responses
in Real-Life Serious Crime Interviews. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 32(2), 138–151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-016-9207-8
Leech, G. N. (1983). Pragmatics, discourse analysis, stylistics and “The
Celebrated Letter.”
Levinson, Stephen C. 2000. Presumptive Meanings the Theory of Generalized
Conversational Implicature. Cambridge. MA: MFF Press.
Moston, S., & Engelberg, T. (1993). Police questioning techniques in tape
Recorded interviews with criminal suspects. Policing and Society,
3(July). https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.1993.9964670
Praptomo, B. I. (2012). Bahasa, kekuasaan, dan kekerasan (2nd ed.).
Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University Press.
Safitri, E., & Ambalegin. (2023). Conversational Implicature Types Used in the
Movie “Over the Moon”. E—Journal of English Language & Literature. Vol. 12 (2).
Saletović, L. M., & Kišiček, G. (2012). Contribution to the analysis of witness
Statements in the croatian language. Suvremena Lingvistika, 38(73), 73–
88
Santoso, D.A.H., & Apriyanto, S. (2020) Pragmatic Implicature Analysis of
Police Interrogation: Forensic Linguistics Analysis. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation. 24(6). DOI:10.37200/IJPR/V24I6/PR260009
Satria, H., Darwis, M., & Kamsinah. (2022). Implikatur Percakapan Interogasi
Terhadap saksi/Korban Penganiyaan: Kajian Linguistik Forensik. Jurnal
Ilmu Budaya, Vol. X (2)
Shuy, R. W. (2011). Applied Linguistics in the Legal Arena. Berlin: Mouton de
Gruyter
Verhoeven, W. J. (2016). The complex relationship between interrogation
techniques, suspects Changing their statement and legal assistance. Evidence from a Dutch sample of police interviews. Policing and Society, 28(3), 308–327. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2016.1157594
Ward, Horn. (2006). Implicature: The Handbook of Pragmatics, Laurence R.
Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Yule, G. (1996). Pragmatics. New York: Oxford University Press.
Targets in Police Investigative Interviews. Proceedings of the 6th Annual International Seminar on Transformative Education and Educational Leadership (AISTEEL 2021).
Baldwin, J. (1993). Police interview techniques. The British Journal of
Criminology, 33, 325-352.
Chapman, Siobhan. (2005). Paul Grice, Philosopher and Linguist.
Basingstoke/New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Coulthard, M., Johnson, A., & David, W. (2017). An Introduction to Forensic
Linguistics Language in Evidence (Second Ed). Routledge.
doi:10.31826/9781463209674-001
Cristina, Vivian. (2021). Conversational Implicature Analysis in TV Show
“F.R.I.E.N.D.S”: Pragmatic Approach. University Putera Batam.
Gibbons, J. (2007). Forensic Linguistics an Introduction to Language in The
Justice System. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Grice, H. (1975). Logic and Conversation. In Studies in the Way of Words
(pp. 305–315). United Kingdom: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.1057/97802300058535
Grice, H. Paul. (1989) Studies in the Way of Words. Cambridge. MA:
Harvard University Press.
Ines & Natsir. (2023). An Analysis of Conversational Implicature in The
Interview Movie. Indonesia.
Korta, Kepa. (1997). Implicatures: Cancelability and Non-detachability.
Research Gate report number: ILCLI-97-LIC-6.
Leahy-Harland, S., & Bull, R. (2017). Police Strategies and Suspect Responses
in Real-Life Serious Crime Interviews. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 32(2), 138–151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-016-9207-8
Leech, G. N. (1983). Pragmatics, discourse analysis, stylistics and “The
Celebrated Letter.”
Levinson, Stephen C. 2000. Presumptive Meanings the Theory of Generalized
Conversational Implicature. Cambridge. MA: MFF Press.
Moston, S., & Engelberg, T. (1993). Police questioning techniques in tape
Recorded interviews with criminal suspects. Policing and Society,
3(July). https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.1993.9964670
Praptomo, B. I. (2012). Bahasa, kekuasaan, dan kekerasan (2nd ed.).
Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University Press.
Safitri, E., & Ambalegin. (2023). Conversational Implicature Types Used in the
Movie “Over the Moon”. E—Journal of English Language & Literature. Vol. 12 (2).
Saletović, L. M., & Kišiček, G. (2012). Contribution to the analysis of witness
Statements in the croatian language. Suvremena Lingvistika, 38(73), 73–
88
Santoso, D.A.H., & Apriyanto, S. (2020) Pragmatic Implicature Analysis of
Police Interrogation: Forensic Linguistics Analysis. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation. 24(6). DOI:10.37200/IJPR/V24I6/PR260009
Satria, H., Darwis, M., & Kamsinah. (2022). Implikatur Percakapan Interogasi
Terhadap saksi/Korban Penganiyaan: Kajian Linguistik Forensik. Jurnal
Ilmu Budaya, Vol. X (2)
Shuy, R. W. (2011). Applied Linguistics in the Legal Arena. Berlin: Mouton de
Gruyter
Verhoeven, W. J. (2016). The complex relationship between interrogation
techniques, suspects Changing their statement and legal assistance. Evidence from a Dutch sample of police interviews. Policing and Society, 28(3), 308–327. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2016.1157594
Ward, Horn. (2006). Implicature: The Handbook of Pragmatics, Laurence R.
Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Yule, G. (1996). Pragmatics. New York: Oxford University Press.