Main Article Content
Abstract
This paper examines the translation of non-standard orthographic features of the Australian Aboriginal English (AAE) dialect in Sally Morgan’s biographical novel My Place into the Indonesian language. Addressing the challenges posed by linguistic and cultural untranslatability, this study explores three key questions: (1) What strategies are employed by the translator to convey the AAE dialect into Indonesian? (2) How do these strategies influence the transfer of the original message? (3) What alternative strategies could mitigate linguistic and cultural loss, especially given the sociolinguistic gap between AAE and Indonesian? Following J. K. Chamber’s (2004) features of vernacular universals, the analysis identifies four primary types of non-standard orthographic features of AAE in My Place: (1) Alveolar Substitution in –ing Ending Verbs, (2) Deletion of Initial Unstressed Syllable, (3) Eye Dialect, and (4) Morpheme Simplification. Findings indicate that the translation often fails to retain AAE as a distinctive literary dialect, which is largely due to the absence of equivalents in Indonesian language. The translator predominantly uses standard Indonesian renderings, which reduces the portrayal of non-standard elements of the source text However, the study emphasizes compensation as a practical strategy to minimize translation loss. By compensating for the loss of non-standard effects through other means, such as using elements of a local dialect from the target culture in the translation, translators can maintain the centrality of dialect within the story. Although the exact level of non-standardness may not be fully replicated, this approach preserves some of the cultural and linguistic uniqueness, offering a balanced compromise that conveys the broader essence of AAE dialect in the target text.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Delita Sartika, Hidayati Hidayati, Armiwati Armiwati

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References
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- Anurekha, S., & Akshara Govind, U. S. (2023). Narratives of Australian Aboriginals; Effects of its Stolen Generation. Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results, 14, 2023. https://doi.org/10.47750/pnr.2023.14.S02.60
- Arthur, J. M. (1996). Aboriginal English: A cultural study.
- Badiozaman, F., Samani, E., & Bagheripour, R. (2022). Retaining linguistic hybridity: A multiple case study of non-standard language transfer through literary translation process. Iranian Journal of Applied Linguistics (IJAL), 25(1).
- Baker, M. (1992). In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation. Routledge.
- Berthele, R. (2000). Translating African‐American Vernacular English into German: The problem of ‘Jim’ in Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 4(4), 588–614. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9481.00131
- Bradford, C. (2020). The Stolen Generations of Australia: Narratives of loss and survival. International Research in Children’s Literature, 13(2), 242–258. https://doi.org/10.3366/IRCL.2020.0356
- Butcher, A. (2008). Linguistic aspects of Australian aboriginal english. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 22(8), 625–642. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699200802223535
- Čerče, D. (2013). Shaping images of Australia through translation: Doris Pilkington and Sally Morgan in Slovene Translation. ELOPE: English Language Overseas Perspectives and Enquiries, 10(2), 139–147. https://doi.org/10.4312/elope.10.2.139-147
- Čerče, D. (2015). Reconstructing the cultural specificity of Indigenous Australian writing in the Slovene cultural space. Journal of Language, Literature and Culture, 62(2), 77–88. https://doi.org/10.1179/2051285615Z.00000000054
- Chaer, A. (1976). Kamus Dialek Jakarta.
- Chambers, J. K. (2004). Dynamic typology and vernacular universals. In B. Kortmann (Ed.), Dialectology meets Typology: Dialect Grammar from a Cross-Linguistic Perspective. Mouton de Gruyter.
- Chambers, J. K., & Trudgill, P. (2004). Dialectology (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- Clark, E. L., Easton, C., & Verdon, S. (2021). The impact of linguistic bias upon speech-language pathologists’ attitudes towards non-standard dialects of English. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 35(6), 542–559. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699206.2020.1803405
- Collingwood-Whittick, S. (2002). Sally Morgan’s My Place: Exposing the (Ab)original ‘text’ behind Whitefellas’ History. Commonwealth Essays and Studies, 25(1), 41–58. https://doi.org/10.4000/12482
- Collins, G., & Ponz, M. L. (2018). Translation, hybridity and borderlands: Translating non-standard language. In S.-A. Harding & O. C. Cortés (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Culture (pp. 398–414). Routledge.
- Darwin, L., Vervoort, S., Vollert, E., & Blustein, S. (2023). Intergenerational Trauma and Mental Health. https://doi.org/10.25816/v8ta-1t17
- Dovchin, S. (2020). Introduction to special issue: linguistic racism. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2020.1778630
- Dudek, A. (2018). The Untranslatability of Dialects in Subtitling. An Analysis of Translation Techniques Used in the English Subtitles to The Peasants. Anglica Wratislaviensia, 56, 295–307. https://doi.org/10.19195/0301-7966.56.18
- Federici, E. (2013). My Place/La mia Australia: Translating Sally Morgan’s Polyphonic and Gendered Text into Italian. In E. Federici & V. Leonardi (Eds.), Bridging the Gap between Theory and Practice in Translation and Gender Studies (pp. 133–149). Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
- Federici, E. (2022). Translating counter-memory in Australian Aboriginal texts. In S. Deane-Cox & A. Spiessens (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Memory (pp. 266–281). Routledge.
- Gilbert, S. (2019). Living with the past: the creation of the stolen generation positionality. AlterNative, 15(3), 226–233. https://doi.org/10.1177/1177180119869373
- Hatim, B. (2013). Teaching and Researching Translation. Routledge.
- Hill-Madsen, A. (2019). The heterogeneity of intralingual translation. Meta (Canada), 64(2), 537–560. https://doi.org/10.7202/1068206AR
- Jing, Y. (2017). In search of a varied voice: Translating dialect in English literature. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University.
- Lalitha, P. (2020). Intersectionality of gender, race and sexuality in Sally Morgan’s My Place. Teresian Journal of English Studies, XII(IV).
- Lotfipour-Saedi, K. (2002). Analysing Literary Discourse: Implications for Literary Translation. Meta, 37(2), 193–203. https://doi.org/10.7202/004016ar
- Määttä, S. K. (2004). Dialect and point of view. Target. International Journal of Translation Studies, 16(2), 319–339. https://doi.org/10.1075/target.16.2.06maa
- Magazzù, G. (2023). Translating Non-standard Language: Andrea Camilleri in English. Pázmány Papers – Journal of Languages and Cultures, 1(1), 236–253. https://doi.org/10.69706/pp.2023.1.1.14
- Menzies, K. (2019a). Forcible separation and assimilation as trauma: The historical and socio-political experiences of Australian Aboriginal people. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:464-sws-1823
- Menzies, K. (2019b). Understanding the Australian Aboriginal experience of collective, historical and intergenerational trauma. International Social Work, 62(6), 1522–1534. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872819870585
- Nurymbetovich, S. B. (2023). Dialectisms in the language of literary works. Central Asian Journal of Literature, Philosophy, and Culture, 4. https://cajlpc.centralasianstudies.org
- Oliver, R., & Exell, M. (2020). Identity, translanguaging, linguicism and racism: the experience of Australian Aboriginal people living in a remote community. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 23(7), 819–832. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2020.1713722
- Orozco, M. (2004). The Clue to Common Research in Translation and Interpreting: Methodology. In C. Schäffner (Ed.), Translation Research and Interpreting Research Traditions, Gaps and Synergies (pp. 98–103). Multilingual Matters LTD.
- Paul, P. (2023). Negotiating Aboriginality: A Study of the representation of Aboriginal humour in Sally Morgan’s My Place. Research Ethics: Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 1. www.researchethics.in
- Poedjosoedarmo, S. (1982). Javanese Influence on Indonesian. The Australian National University.
- Raihanah, M. M., & Idrus, M. M. (2023). “so much about myself I didn’t understand”: Rememory and the Problematics of a lost identity in Sally Morgan’s My Place. 3L: Language, Linguistics, Literature, 29(3), 272–284. https://doi.org/10.17576/3L-2023-2903-19
- Ramos-Pinto, S. (2017). Film, dialects and subtitles: an analytical framework for the study of non-standard varieties in subtitling. Translator, 24(1), 17–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2017.1338551
- Renes, M. (2010). Sally Morgan: Aboriginal Identity Retrieved and Performed within and without My Place. 18, 77–90.
- Seran, J. (2015). Australian Aboriginal Memoir and Memory: A Stolen Generations Trauma Narrative. Humanities, 4(4), 661–675. https://doi.org/10.3390/h4040661
- Sonoda, H. (2009). A Preliminary Study of Sally Morgan’s My Place. The Otemon Journal of Australian Studies, 35, 157–170.
- Stockwell, P. (2020). Literary dialect as social deixis. Language and Literature, 29(4), 358–372. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963947020968661
- Ten Hove, T. (2018). Translating Non-Standard Language from English to Dutch: An Analysis and Exercise. Utrecht University.
- Toury, G. (2012). Descriptive Translation Studies–and beyond. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
- Wolfram, W. (1998). Dialect in Society. In F. Coulmas (Ed.), The Handbook of Sociolinguistics. Blackwell Reference Online.
- Yu, N. (2019). Interrogating social work: Australian Social Work and the Stolen Generations. Journal of Social Work, 19(6), 736–750. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468017318794230
References
Al-Khanji, R., & Ennasser, N. (2022). Dealing with Dialects in Literary Translation: Problems and Strategies. Jordan Journal of Modern Languages and Literatures, 14(1), 145–163. https://doi.org/10.47012/jjmll.14.1.8
Anurekha, S., & Akshara Govind, U. S. (2023). Narratives of Australian Aboriginals; Effects of its Stolen Generation. Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results, 14, 2023. https://doi.org/10.47750/pnr.2023.14.S02.60
Arthur, J. M. (1996). Aboriginal English: A cultural study.
Badiozaman, F., Samani, E., & Bagheripour, R. (2022). Retaining linguistic hybridity: A multiple case study of non-standard language transfer through literary translation process. Iranian Journal of Applied Linguistics (IJAL), 25(1).
Baker, M. (1992). In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation. Routledge.
Berthele, R. (2000). Translating African‐American Vernacular English into German: The problem of ‘Jim’ in Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 4(4), 588–614. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9481.00131
Bradford, C. (2020). The Stolen Generations of Australia: Narratives of loss and survival. International Research in Children’s Literature, 13(2), 242–258. https://doi.org/10.3366/IRCL.2020.0356
Butcher, A. (2008). Linguistic aspects of Australian aboriginal english. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 22(8), 625–642. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699200802223535
Čerče, D. (2013). Shaping images of Australia through translation: Doris Pilkington and Sally Morgan in Slovene Translation. ELOPE: English Language Overseas Perspectives and Enquiries, 10(2), 139–147. https://doi.org/10.4312/elope.10.2.139-147
Čerče, D. (2015). Reconstructing the cultural specificity of Indigenous Australian writing in the Slovene cultural space. Journal of Language, Literature and Culture, 62(2), 77–88. https://doi.org/10.1179/2051285615Z.00000000054
Chaer, A. (1976). Kamus Dialek Jakarta.
Chambers, J. K. (2004). Dynamic typology and vernacular universals. In B. Kortmann (Ed.), Dialectology meets Typology: Dialect Grammar from a Cross-Linguistic Perspective. Mouton de Gruyter.
Chambers, J. K., & Trudgill, P. (2004). Dialectology (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Clark, E. L., Easton, C., & Verdon, S. (2021). The impact of linguistic bias upon speech-language pathologists’ attitudes towards non-standard dialects of English. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 35(6), 542–559. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699206.2020.1803405
Collingwood-Whittick, S. (2002). Sally Morgan’s My Place: Exposing the (Ab)original ‘text’ behind Whitefellas’ History. Commonwealth Essays and Studies, 25(1), 41–58. https://doi.org/10.4000/12482
Collins, G., & Ponz, M. L. (2018). Translation, hybridity and borderlands: Translating non-standard language. In S.-A. Harding & O. C. Cortés (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Culture (pp. 398–414). Routledge.
Darwin, L., Vervoort, S., Vollert, E., & Blustein, S. (2023). Intergenerational Trauma and Mental Health. https://doi.org/10.25816/v8ta-1t17
Dovchin, S. (2020). Introduction to special issue: linguistic racism. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2020.1778630
Dudek, A. (2018). The Untranslatability of Dialects in Subtitling. An Analysis of Translation Techniques Used in the English Subtitles to The Peasants. Anglica Wratislaviensia, 56, 295–307. https://doi.org/10.19195/0301-7966.56.18
Federici, E. (2013). My Place/La mia Australia: Translating Sally Morgan’s Polyphonic and Gendered Text into Italian. In E. Federici & V. Leonardi (Eds.), Bridging the Gap between Theory and Practice in Translation and Gender Studies (pp. 133–149). Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Federici, E. (2022). Translating counter-memory in Australian Aboriginal texts. In S. Deane-Cox & A. Spiessens (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Memory (pp. 266–281). Routledge.
Gilbert, S. (2019). Living with the past: the creation of the stolen generation positionality. AlterNative, 15(3), 226–233. https://doi.org/10.1177/1177180119869373
Hatim, B. (2013). Teaching and Researching Translation. Routledge.
Hill-Madsen, A. (2019). The heterogeneity of intralingual translation. Meta (Canada), 64(2), 537–560. https://doi.org/10.7202/1068206AR
Jing, Y. (2017). In search of a varied voice: Translating dialect in English literature. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University.
Lalitha, P. (2020). Intersectionality of gender, race and sexuality in Sally Morgan’s My Place. Teresian Journal of English Studies, XII(IV).
Lotfipour-Saedi, K. (2002). Analysing Literary Discourse: Implications for Literary Translation. Meta, 37(2), 193–203. https://doi.org/10.7202/004016ar
Määttä, S. K. (2004). Dialect and point of view. Target. International Journal of Translation Studies, 16(2), 319–339. https://doi.org/10.1075/target.16.2.06maa
Magazzù, G. (2023). Translating Non-standard Language: Andrea Camilleri in English. Pázmány Papers – Journal of Languages and Cultures, 1(1), 236–253. https://doi.org/10.69706/pp.2023.1.1.14
Menzies, K. (2019a). Forcible separation and assimilation as trauma: The historical and socio-political experiences of Australian Aboriginal people. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:464-sws-1823
Menzies, K. (2019b). Understanding the Australian Aboriginal experience of collective, historical and intergenerational trauma. International Social Work, 62(6), 1522–1534. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872819870585
Nurymbetovich, S. B. (2023). Dialectisms in the language of literary works. Central Asian Journal of Literature, Philosophy, and Culture, 4. https://cajlpc.centralasianstudies.org
Oliver, R., & Exell, M. (2020). Identity, translanguaging, linguicism and racism: the experience of Australian Aboriginal people living in a remote community. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 23(7), 819–832. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2020.1713722
Orozco, M. (2004). The Clue to Common Research in Translation and Interpreting: Methodology. In C. Schäffner (Ed.), Translation Research and Interpreting Research Traditions, Gaps and Synergies (pp. 98–103). Multilingual Matters LTD.
Paul, P. (2023). Negotiating Aboriginality: A Study of the representation of Aboriginal humour in Sally Morgan’s My Place. Research Ethics: Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 1. www.researchethics.in
Poedjosoedarmo, S. (1982). Javanese Influence on Indonesian. The Australian National University.
Raihanah, M. M., & Idrus, M. M. (2023). “so much about myself I didn’t understand”: Rememory and the Problematics of a lost identity in Sally Morgan’s My Place. 3L: Language, Linguistics, Literature, 29(3), 272–284. https://doi.org/10.17576/3L-2023-2903-19
Ramos-Pinto, S. (2017). Film, dialects and subtitles: an analytical framework for the study of non-standard varieties in subtitling. Translator, 24(1), 17–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2017.1338551
Renes, M. (2010). Sally Morgan: Aboriginal Identity Retrieved and Performed within and without My Place. 18, 77–90.
Seran, J. (2015). Australian Aboriginal Memoir and Memory: A Stolen Generations Trauma Narrative. Humanities, 4(4), 661–675. https://doi.org/10.3390/h4040661
Sonoda, H. (2009). A Preliminary Study of Sally Morgan’s My Place. The Otemon Journal of Australian Studies, 35, 157–170.
Stockwell, P. (2020). Literary dialect as social deixis. Language and Literature, 29(4), 358–372. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963947020968661
Ten Hove, T. (2018). Translating Non-Standard Language from English to Dutch: An Analysis and Exercise. Utrecht University.
Toury, G. (2012). Descriptive Translation Studies–and beyond. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Wolfram, W. (1998). Dialect in Society. In F. Coulmas (Ed.), The Handbook of Sociolinguistics. Blackwell Reference Online.
Yu, N. (2019). Interrogating social work: Australian Social Work and the Stolen Generations. Journal of Social Work, 19(6), 736–750. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468017318794230