Main Article Content
Abstract
This study explores lie detection within cross-cultural communication by examining linguistic and cultural cues that indicate deception. Employing a qualitative approach with an explanatory comparative method, the research involved six participants from diverse ethnic backgrounds in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Data were collected through observation and interviews using audio-visual scenarios designed to elicit both honest and deceptive responses. The findings reveal that linguistic cues to deception include uncertainty in speech, changes in intonation, unsynchronized eye contact and body language, and the use of ambiguous or vague expressions. Cultural cues also play a critical role, with norms, values, and traditions shaping how individuals express and interpret lying behaviors. For example, avoiding eye contact may signal dishonesty in one culture but signify respect in another. The research highlights that lie detection strategies grounded in single-cultural paradigms are insufficient for multicultural contexts. As a solution, the study proposes a new model that integrates linguistic and cultural parameters, offering a holistic framework for more accurate lie detection in intercultural settings. This integrated model contributes to both theoretical and practical domains, including law enforcement, diplomacy, and international business, where cultural sensitivity is essential. By advancing understanding of how language and culture interact in deceptive communication, the study addresses a critical gap in the literature and promotes more equitable and effective approaches to detecting deception in global interactions.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Reni Nur Eriyani , Fathiaty Murtadho , Fernandes Arung, Endry Boeriswati

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References
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- Bond, C. F., Jr. & DePaulo, B. M. (2006). Accuracy of Deception Judgments. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(3), 214-234. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1003_2
- Bond, C. F., Jr., & Atoum, A. O. (2000). International Deception. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(3), 385–395. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167200265010
- Castillo, P.A. (2015). The Detection of Deception in Cross-Cultural Contexts. In Mandal, M., Awasthi, A. (eds.). Understanding Facial Expressions in Communication. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1934-7_12
- Cheng, K. H. W. & Broadhurst, R. (2005) The Detection of Deception: The Effects of First and Second Language on Lie Detection Ability. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 12(1), 107-118. https://doi.org/10.1375/pplt.2005.12.1.107
- Clifton, C. (1991). Deception Detection: Winning the Polygraph Game. Paladin Press
- Dando, C. J., Taylor, P. J., & Sandham, A. L. (2023). Cross cultural verbal cues to deception: truth and lies in first and second language forensic interview contexts. Frontiers in Psychology, Vol. 14, 1152904. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1152904
- DePaulo, B. M., Lindsay, J. J., Malone, B. E., Muhlenbruck, L., Charlton, K., & Cooper, H. (2003). Cues to deception. Psychological Bulletin, 129(1), 74–118. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.1.74
- Ekman, P. (2009). Telling Lies: Clues to Deceit in the Marketplace, Politics, and Marriage. W.W. Norton & Company
- Ekman, P. (1992). An Argument for Basic Emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 6(3-4), 169–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699939208411068
- Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1974). Detecting Deception from the Body or Face. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 29(3), 288–298. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0036006
- Ekman, P. & Friesen, W. V. (1969). Nonverbal Leakage and Clues to Deception. Psychiatry, 32(1), 88–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1969.11023575
- Farwell, L. A. (2013). Lie Detection. Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences, 144–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-382165-2.00025-8
- Feng, Y. J., Hung, S. M., & Hsieh, P. J. (2022). Detecting Spontaneous Deception in the Brain. Human Brain Mapping, 43(10), 3257–3269. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.25849
- Gelfand, M. J., Raver, J. L., Nishii, L., Leslie, L. M., Lun, J., Lim, B. C., Duan, L., Almaliach, A., Ang, S., [...], & Yamaguchi, S. (2011). Differences Between Tight and Loose Cultures: A 33-Nation Study. Science, 332(6033), 1100-1104. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1197754
- Granhag, P. A., Strömwall, L. A., & Hartwig, M. (2015). Detecting deception: Current challenges and cognitive approaches. Wiley-Blackwell.
- Griffin, D.J. & Bender, C. (2019). Culture and Deception: The Influence of Language and Societies on Lying. Dalam Docan-Morgan, T. (ed.). The Palgrave Handbook of Deceptive Communication. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96334-1_4
- Hancock, J. T., Curry, L. E., Goorha, S., & Woodworth, M. (2007). On Lying and Being Lied To: A Linguistic Analysis of Deception in Computer-Mediated Communication. Discourse Processes, 45(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/01638530701739181
- Hartwig, M. & Bond, C. F. (2011). Why do lie-catchers fail? A Lens Model Meta-Analysis of Human Lie Judgments. Psychological Bulletin, 137(4), 643-659. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023589
- Jenkins, A., Zhu, L., & Hsu, M. (2016). Cognitive Neuroscience of Honesty and Deception: A Signaling Framework. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 11, 130–137. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cobeha.2016.09.005
- Lancaster University. (2017). Culture affects how people deceive others, study shows. www.sciencedaily.com. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/06/170606201354.htm?utm_source=chatgpt.com
- Levine, T. R. (2023). Deception Detection. Dalam Max M. Houck (ed.). Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences, Third Edition, 8-13. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-823677-2.00137-9
- Levine, T. R. (2014). Truth-Default Theory (TDT): A Theory of Human Deception and Deception Detection. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 33(4), 378-392. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X14535916
- Levine, T. R., Park, H. S., & McCornack, S. A. (1999). Accuracy in Detecting Truths and Lies: Documenting the “Veracity Effect”. Communications Monographs, 66(2), 125-144. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637759909376468
- Lewak, R. W. & Hogan, R. S. (2001). Deceptions in Psychological Testing. American Journal of Forensic Psychiatry. Vol. 22, 57-81. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285827982_Deceptions_in_psychological_testing
- Luke, T. J. (2019). Lessons From Pinocchio: Cues to Deception May Be Highly Exaggerated. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(4), 646-671. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619838258
- Marston, W. M. (1921). Psychological Possibilities in the Deception Tests. Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology, 11(4), 551–570. https://doi.org/10.2307/1133465
- Masip, J., Herrero, C., Garrido, E., & Barba, A. (2010). Is the Behaviour Analysis Interview Just Common Sense? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 25(4), 593–604. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1728
- Matsumoto, D. & Hwang, H. S. (2013). Cultural Influences on Nonverbal Behavior. Dalam D. Matsumoto, M. G. Frank, & H. S. Hwang (Eds.). Nonverbal Communication: Science and Applications. Sage Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452244037.n5
- Nishimura, F. (2018). Lying in Different Cultures. The Oxford Handbook of Lying, 564–578. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736578.013.45
- Pandey, S. K., Shekhawat, H. S., & Prasanna, S.R.M. (2023). Multi-cultural Speech Emotion Recognition Using Language and Speaker Cues. Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, Vol. 83, 104679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2023.104679
- Pascual-Ezama, D., Muñoz, A., & Prelec, D. (2021). Do Not Tell Me More; You Are Honest: A Preconceived Honesty Bias. Frontiers in Psychology, Vol. 12, 693942. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.693942
- Pennebaker, J. W., Mehl, M. R., & Niederhoffer, K. G. (2003). Psychological aspects of natural language use: our words, our selves. Annual review of psychology, 54, 547–577. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145041
- Talaat, F.M. (2024). Explainable Enhanced Recurrent Neural Network for lie detection using voice stress analysis. Multimedia Tools Applications, Vol. 83, 32277–32299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-16769-w
- Taylor, P. J., Larner, S., Conchie, S. M., & Menacere, T. (2017). Culture Moderates Changes in Linguistic Self-Presentation and Detail Provision When Deceiving Others. Royal Society Open Science, 4(6), 170128. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170128
- Taylor, P. J., Larner, S., Conchie, S. M., & van der Zee, S. (2014). Cross-cultural deception detection. In P. A. Granhag, A. Vrij, & B. Verschuere (Eds.), Detecting deception: Current challenges and cognitive approaches (pp. 175–201). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118510001.ch8
- Ten Brinke, L., Porter, S., & Baker, A. (2016). Darwin the Detective: Observable Facial Muscle Contractions Reveal Emotional High-Stakes Lies. Evolution and Human Behavior, 33(4), 411-416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2011.12.003
- Tong, D., Isik, I., & Talwar, V. (2023). A Cross-Cultural Comparison of the Relation Between Children’s Moral Standards of Honesty and Their Lie-Telling Behavior. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, Vol. 231, 105665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2023.105665
- Vrij, A., Fisher, R. P., & Blank, H. (2015). A Cognitive Approach To Lie Detection: A Meta-Analysis. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 22(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/lcrp.12088
- Vrij, A., Granhag, P. A., & Porter, S. (2010). Pitfalls and Opportunities in Nonverbal and Verbal Lie Detection. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 11(3), 89-121. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100610390861
- Vrij, A. (2008). Detecting Lies and Deceit: Pitfalls and Opportunities. John Wiley & Sons
- Walters, S. B. (2000). The Truth About Lying: How to Spot a Lie and Protect Yourself from Deception. Sourcebooks, Inc.
- Zimmerman, L. (2016). Deception detection. Monitor on Psychology, 47(3). https://www.apa.org/monitor/2016/03/deception
References
Benus, S., Enos, F., Hirschberg, J., & Shriberg, E. (2006). Pauses in Deceptive Speech. Proceedings of Interspeech 2006. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8SQ97TG
Bond, C. F., Jr. & DePaulo, B. M. (2006). Accuracy of Deception Judgments. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(3), 214-234. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1003_2
Bond, C. F., Jr., & Atoum, A. O. (2000). International Deception. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(3), 385–395. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167200265010
Castillo, P.A. (2015). The Detection of Deception in Cross-Cultural Contexts. In Mandal, M., Awasthi, A. (eds.). Understanding Facial Expressions in Communication. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1934-7_12
Cheng, K. H. W. & Broadhurst, R. (2005) The Detection of Deception: The Effects of First and Second Language on Lie Detection Ability. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 12(1), 107-118. https://doi.org/10.1375/pplt.2005.12.1.107
Clifton, C. (1991). Deception Detection: Winning the Polygraph Game. Paladin Press
Dando, C. J., Taylor, P. J., & Sandham, A. L. (2023). Cross cultural verbal cues to deception: truth and lies in first and second language forensic interview contexts. Frontiers in Psychology, Vol. 14, 1152904. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1152904
DePaulo, B. M., Lindsay, J. J., Malone, B. E., Muhlenbruck, L., Charlton, K., & Cooper, H. (2003). Cues to deception. Psychological Bulletin, 129(1), 74–118. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.1.74
Ekman, P. (2009). Telling Lies: Clues to Deceit in the Marketplace, Politics, and Marriage. W.W. Norton & Company
Ekman, P. (1992). An Argument for Basic Emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 6(3-4), 169–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699939208411068
Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1974). Detecting Deception from the Body or Face. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 29(3), 288–298. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0036006
Ekman, P. & Friesen, W. V. (1969). Nonverbal Leakage and Clues to Deception. Psychiatry, 32(1), 88–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1969.11023575
Farwell, L. A. (2013). Lie Detection. Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences, 144–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-382165-2.00025-8
Feng, Y. J., Hung, S. M., & Hsieh, P. J. (2022). Detecting Spontaneous Deception in the Brain. Human Brain Mapping, 43(10), 3257–3269. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.25849
Gelfand, M. J., Raver, J. L., Nishii, L., Leslie, L. M., Lun, J., Lim, B. C., Duan, L., Almaliach, A., Ang, S., [...], & Yamaguchi, S. (2011). Differences Between Tight and Loose Cultures: A 33-Nation Study. Science, 332(6033), 1100-1104. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1197754
Granhag, P. A., Strömwall, L. A., & Hartwig, M. (2015). Detecting deception: Current challenges and cognitive approaches. Wiley-Blackwell.
Griffin, D.J. & Bender, C. (2019). Culture and Deception: The Influence of Language and Societies on Lying. Dalam Docan-Morgan, T. (ed.). The Palgrave Handbook of Deceptive Communication. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96334-1_4
Hancock, J. T., Curry, L. E., Goorha, S., & Woodworth, M. (2007). On Lying and Being Lied To: A Linguistic Analysis of Deception in Computer-Mediated Communication. Discourse Processes, 45(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/01638530701739181
Hartwig, M. & Bond, C. F. (2011). Why do lie-catchers fail? A Lens Model Meta-Analysis of Human Lie Judgments. Psychological Bulletin, 137(4), 643-659. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023589
Jenkins, A., Zhu, L., & Hsu, M. (2016). Cognitive Neuroscience of Honesty and Deception: A Signaling Framework. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 11, 130–137. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cobeha.2016.09.005
Lancaster University. (2017). Culture affects how people deceive others, study shows. www.sciencedaily.com. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/06/170606201354.htm?utm_source=chatgpt.com
Levine, T. R. (2023). Deception Detection. Dalam Max M. Houck (ed.). Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences, Third Edition, 8-13. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-823677-2.00137-9
Levine, T. R. (2014). Truth-Default Theory (TDT): A Theory of Human Deception and Deception Detection. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 33(4), 378-392. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X14535916
Levine, T. R., Park, H. S., & McCornack, S. A. (1999). Accuracy in Detecting Truths and Lies: Documenting the “Veracity Effect”. Communications Monographs, 66(2), 125-144. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637759909376468
Lewak, R. W. & Hogan, R. S. (2001). Deceptions in Psychological Testing. American Journal of Forensic Psychiatry. Vol. 22, 57-81. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285827982_Deceptions_in_psychological_testing
Luke, T. J. (2019). Lessons From Pinocchio: Cues to Deception May Be Highly Exaggerated. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(4), 646-671. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619838258
Marston, W. M. (1921). Psychological Possibilities in the Deception Tests. Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology, 11(4), 551–570. https://doi.org/10.2307/1133465
Masip, J., Herrero, C., Garrido, E., & Barba, A. (2010). Is the Behaviour Analysis Interview Just Common Sense? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 25(4), 593–604. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1728
Matsumoto, D. & Hwang, H. S. (2013). Cultural Influences on Nonverbal Behavior. Dalam D. Matsumoto, M. G. Frank, & H. S. Hwang (Eds.). Nonverbal Communication: Science and Applications. Sage Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452244037.n5
Nishimura, F. (2018). Lying in Different Cultures. The Oxford Handbook of Lying, 564–578. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736578.013.45
Pandey, S. K., Shekhawat, H. S., & Prasanna, S.R.M. (2023). Multi-cultural Speech Emotion Recognition Using Language and Speaker Cues. Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, Vol. 83, 104679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2023.104679
Pascual-Ezama, D., Muñoz, A., & Prelec, D. (2021). Do Not Tell Me More; You Are Honest: A Preconceived Honesty Bias. Frontiers in Psychology, Vol. 12, 693942. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.693942
Pennebaker, J. W., Mehl, M. R., & Niederhoffer, K. G. (2003). Psychological aspects of natural language use: our words, our selves. Annual review of psychology, 54, 547–577. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145041
Talaat, F.M. (2024). Explainable Enhanced Recurrent Neural Network for lie detection using voice stress analysis. Multimedia Tools Applications, Vol. 83, 32277–32299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-16769-w
Taylor, P. J., Larner, S., Conchie, S. M., & Menacere, T. (2017). Culture Moderates Changes in Linguistic Self-Presentation and Detail Provision When Deceiving Others. Royal Society Open Science, 4(6), 170128. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170128
Taylor, P. J., Larner, S., Conchie, S. M., & van der Zee, S. (2014). Cross-cultural deception detection. In P. A. Granhag, A. Vrij, & B. Verschuere (Eds.), Detecting deception: Current challenges and cognitive approaches (pp. 175–201). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118510001.ch8
Ten Brinke, L., Porter, S., & Baker, A. (2016). Darwin the Detective: Observable Facial Muscle Contractions Reveal Emotional High-Stakes Lies. Evolution and Human Behavior, 33(4), 411-416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2011.12.003
Tong, D., Isik, I., & Talwar, V. (2023). A Cross-Cultural Comparison of the Relation Between Children’s Moral Standards of Honesty and Their Lie-Telling Behavior. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, Vol. 231, 105665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2023.105665
Vrij, A., Fisher, R. P., & Blank, H. (2015). A Cognitive Approach To Lie Detection: A Meta-Analysis. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 22(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/lcrp.12088
Vrij, A., Granhag, P. A., & Porter, S. (2010). Pitfalls and Opportunities in Nonverbal and Verbal Lie Detection. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 11(3), 89-121. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100610390861
Vrij, A. (2008). Detecting Lies and Deceit: Pitfalls and Opportunities. John Wiley & Sons
Walters, S. B. (2000). The Truth About Lying: How to Spot a Lie and Protect Yourself from Deception. Sourcebooks, Inc.
Zimmerman, L. (2016). Deception detection. Monitor on Psychology, 47(3). https://www.apa.org/monitor/2016/03/deception