Main Article Content
Abstract
Pasundan cattle are West Java's indigenous Genetic Resources, and the proper frozen semen thawing technique is necessary for successful artificial insemination (AI) to increase the cattle population. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of spermatozoa of Pasundan cattle frozen semen post-thawing at various temperatures and thawing duration. A total of 24 frozen semen samples were thawed with two treatment factors: temperature (27 and 37°C) and thawing duration (15, 20, 25, and 30 seconds). The observed variables included motility, viability, and plasma membrane integrity. Data were analyzed using the General Linear Model (GLM) for these variables, followed by the Tukey test for multiple comparisons. The results showed no interaction between temperature and thawing time on the observed variables. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in sperm motility between treatments, with values between 45.30±0.78 and 52.57±3.59%. Furthermore, the sperm viability rate was significantly different (p<0.05) due to temperature and thawing time. Sperm viability was higher in the 37°C thawing group for 15 seconds. In contrast to the integrity of the sperm plasma membrane, the 27°C temperature treatment group had a higher rate than the 37°C treatment group. It can be concluded that thawing frozen semen of Pasundan cattle at 27 or 37°C with a duration of 15-30 seconds produces normal spermatozoa quality, and a temperature of 37°C for 30 seconds is recommended for the thawing process. These findings contribute to optimizing thawing protocols in artificial insemination practices, enhancing the reproductive success of Pasundan cattle.
Article Details
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Jurnal Sain Peternakan Indonesia
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The author who submits the manuscript must understand and agree that Jurnal Sain Peternakan Indonesia holds the copyrights published. Copyright includes rights to reproduce, distribute and sell every part of journal articles in all forms and media. This is a copyright transfer form (Download) signed by the corresponding author.
All articles published in Open Access will be immediately and permanently free for everyone to read and download. We are continuously working with our author communities to select the best choice of license options, currently being defined for this journal as follows:
• Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA)
Jurnal Sain Peternakan Indonesia is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material
for any purpose, even commercially.
The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms if you follow the license terms.
How to Cite
Spermatozoa Quality of Pasundan Cattle Frozen Semen at Various Thawing Temperatures and Durations. (2024). Jurnal Sain Peternakan Indonesia, 19(3), 132–138. Retrieved from https://ejournal.unib.ac.id/jspi/article/view/36927
References
-
Borah, B. K. D., Deka, B. C., Biswas, R. K., Chakravarty, P., Deori, S., Sinha, S., & Ahmed, K. (2015). Effect of thawing methods on frozen semen quality of yak (Poephagus grunniens L.) bulls. Veterinary World, 8(7). https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2015.831-834
Darussalam, I. (2019). Suplementasi l-carnitine dalam pengencer berbasis tris untuk meningkatkan kualitas semen beku sapi Pasundan. IPB University.
Elsadina, F. A. (2021). Prospek Pengembangan Sumberdaya Genetik Sapi Pasundan Berdasarkan Nilai Efektif Populasi dan Daya Dukung Wilayah di Kabupaten Garut. Jurnal Sumber Daya Hewan, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.24198/jsdh.v2i1.34043
Fannessia, L., Karja, N., Adnyane, I., & Setiadi, M. (2015). Pelacakan Kerusakan Akrosom Spermatozoa Domba Selama Proses Pembekuan dengan Teknik Histokimia Lektin. Jurnal Veteriner, 16(4), 560–568. https://doi.org/10.19087/jveteriner.2015.16.4.560
Fitriani, A., Herlina, L., Sulistyati, M., Yunasaf, U., & Sulaeman, M. M. (2020). Kesukaan, Sikap, Kepuasan, dan Kesetiaan Peternak dalam Mengusahakan Sapi Pasundan di Kabupaten Tasikmalaya, Jawa Barat. Jurnal Peternakan Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Animal Science), 22(2). https://doi.org/10.25077/jpi.22.2.155-167.2020
Gonzalez-Castro, R. A., Whitcomb, L. A., Pinsinski, E. C., & Carnevale, E. M. (2024). Cryopreservation of equine spermatozoa reduces plasma membrane integrity and phospholipase C zeta 1 content as associated with oocyte activation. Andrology, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.13517
Hong, C. Y., Chiang, B. N., Huang, J. J., & Wu, P. (1985). Two Plasminogen Activators, Streptokinase and Urokinase, Stimulate Human Sperm Motility. Andrologia, 17(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0272.1985.tb01010.x
Indra Kurniawan. (2021, January 26). Populasi Sapi Pasundan di Jawa Barat Terus Menurun - PRFM News. Pikiran Rakyat. https://prfmnews.pikiran-rakyat.com/jawa-barat/pr-131333762/populasi-sapi-pasundan-di-jawa-barat-terus-menurun?page=all
Khalil, W. A., El-Harairy, M. A., Zeidan, A. E. B., Hassan, M. A. E., & Mohey-Elsaeed, O. (2018). Evaluation of bull spermatozoa during and after cryopreservation: Structural and ultrastructural insights. International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine, 6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijvsm.2017.11.001
Li, J., Li, J., Wang, S., Ju, H., Chen, S., Basioura, A., Ferreira-Dias, G., Liu, Z., & Zhu, J. (2024). Post-Thaw Storage Temperature Influenced Boar Sperm Quality and Lifespan through Apoptosis and Lipid Peroxidation. Animals, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14010087
Momeni, H. R., Abnosi, M. H., & Eskandari, N. (2020). Quantitative evaluation of human sperm viability using mtt assay: A laboratory study. International Journal of Reproductive BioMedicine, 18(11). https://doi.org/10.18502/ijrm.v13i11.7966
Nurcholis, N., Arifiantin, R., & Yamin, M. (2016). Kriopreservasi Semen Domba Garut Menggunakan Tris Kuning Telur yang Disuplementasi Omega-3 Minyak Ikan Salmon. Jurnal Veteriner, 17(2). https://doi.org/10.19087/jveteriner.2016.17.2.309
Park, Y. J., Shin, D. H., Pang, W. K., Ryu, D. Y., Rahman, M. S., Adegoke, E. O., & Pang, M. G. (2021). Short-term storage of semen samples in acidic extender increases the proportion of females in pigs. BMC Veterinary Research, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-021-03078-3
Pesch, S., & Hoffmann, B. (2007). Cryopreservation of spermatozoa in veterinary medicine. Journal Fur Reproduktionsmedizin Und Endokrinologie, 4(2).
Prastiwi, T., Prasetyaningtyas, W. E., & Karja, N. W. K. (2021). Penambahan á-tocopherol sebagai Antioksidan pada Pengencer Tris Kuning Telur Spermatozoa Kucing pada Suhu 4°C. Jurnal Veteriner, 22(4). https://doi.org/10.19087/jveteriner.2021.22.4.456
Pugliesi, G., Fürst, R., & Carvalho, G. R. (2013). Impact of Using a Fast-Freezing Technique and Different Thawing Protocols on Viability and Fertility of Frozen Equine Spermatozoa. In Andrologia. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.12205
Purwoko, P. (2016). Peran Kebijakan Fisal Dalam Peningkatan Produktvitas Pembibitan Sapi Nasional. Kajian Ekonomi Dan Keuangan, 19(2). https://doi.org/10.31685/kek.v19i2.137
Puwantara, B., Arifiantini, I., Karja, N. W. K., Pardede, B. P., Indriastuti, R., Satrio, F. A., & Memili, E. (2022). Pengembangan Penanda Fertilitas sebagai Alat Bantu “Akurat” dalam Upaya Optimalisasi Sapi Pejantan Unggul dalam Program Inseminasi Buatan. Policy Brief Pertanian, Kelautan Dan Biosains Tropika, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.29244/agro-maritim.v4.i1.10
Rajbari, R., Husna, A. U., Azam, A., Ejaz, R., Adalat, R., Akhter, S., Farooq, M. U., & Qadeer, S. (2022). Effects of Thawing Methods (Techniques) on Freeze Thaw Buffalo Bull Sperm Quality. Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Science(Egypt), 53(4). https://doi.org/10.21608/EJVS.2022.130902.1333
Rowe, M., & Pruett-Jones, S. (2011). Sperm competition selects for sperm quantity and quality in the Australian Maluridae. PLoS ONE, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015720
Salim, M. A., Susilawati, T., & Wahyuningsih, S. (2012). Pengaruh Metode Thawing terhadap Kualitas Semen Beku Sapi Bali, Sapi Madura dan Sapi PO. Jurnal Agripet, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.17969/agripet.v12i2.197
Samplaski, M. K., Dimitromanolakis, A., Lo, K. C., Grober, E. D., Mullen, B., Garbens, A., & Jarvi, K. A. (2015). The relationship between sperm viability and DNA fragmentation rates. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-015-0035-y
Santiani, A., Juárez, J., Allauca, P., Roman, B., Ugarelli, A., & Evangelista-Vargas, S. (2023). Cryopreservation effect on sperm viability, mitochondrial membrane potential, acrosome integrity and sperm capacitation of alpaca spermatozoa detected by imaging flow cytometry. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 58(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.14318
Sukmawati, E., Arifiantini, R. I., & Purwantara, B. (2014). Daya Tahan Spermatozoa Terhadap Proses Pembekuan Pada Berbagai Jenis Sapi Pejantan Unggul. Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Dan Veteriner, 19(3).
Utomo, S., & Boquifai, E. (2010). Pengaruh Temperatur dan Lama Thawing terhadap Kualitas Spermatozoa Sapi dalam Penyimpanan Straw Beku. Sains Peternakan, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.20961/sainspet.v8i1.4740
Yekti, A. P. A., Setiawan, R. E. R., Rachmawati, A., & Susilawati, T. (2023). Kualitas Semen Beku Sapi Limousin setelah Thawing Menggunakan Air Dingin dengan Lama Waktu yang Berbeda. Jurnal Agripet, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.17969/agripet.v23i1.23331
Zamrodah, Y. (2016). Manajemen Reproduksi dan Inseminasi Buatan. In Manajemen Reproduksi dan Inseminasi Buatan (Vol. 15, Issue 2).
References
Borah, B. K. D., Deka, B. C., Biswas, R. K., Chakravarty, P., Deori, S., Sinha, S., & Ahmed, K. (2015). Effect of thawing methods on frozen semen quality of yak (Poephagus grunniens L.) bulls. Veterinary World, 8(7). https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2015.831-834
Darussalam, I. (2019). Suplementasi l-carnitine dalam pengencer berbasis tris untuk meningkatkan kualitas semen beku sapi Pasundan. IPB University.
Elsadina, F. A. (2021). Prospek Pengembangan Sumberdaya Genetik Sapi Pasundan Berdasarkan Nilai Efektif Populasi dan Daya Dukung Wilayah di Kabupaten Garut. Jurnal Sumber Daya Hewan, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.24198/jsdh.v2i1.34043
Fannessia, L., Karja, N., Adnyane, I., & Setiadi, M. (2015). Pelacakan Kerusakan Akrosom Spermatozoa Domba Selama Proses Pembekuan dengan Teknik Histokimia Lektin. Jurnal Veteriner, 16(4), 560–568. https://doi.org/10.19087/jveteriner.2015.16.4.560
Fitriani, A., Herlina, L., Sulistyati, M., Yunasaf, U., & Sulaeman, M. M. (2020). Kesukaan, Sikap, Kepuasan, dan Kesetiaan Peternak dalam Mengusahakan Sapi Pasundan di Kabupaten Tasikmalaya, Jawa Barat. Jurnal Peternakan Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Animal Science), 22(2). https://doi.org/10.25077/jpi.22.2.155-167.2020
Gonzalez-Castro, R. A., Whitcomb, L. A., Pinsinski, E. C., & Carnevale, E. M. (2024). Cryopreservation of equine spermatozoa reduces plasma membrane integrity and phospholipase C zeta 1 content as associated with oocyte activation. Andrology, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.13517
Hong, C. Y., Chiang, B. N., Huang, J. J., & Wu, P. (1985). Two Plasminogen Activators, Streptokinase and Urokinase, Stimulate Human Sperm Motility. Andrologia, 17(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0272.1985.tb01010.x
Indra Kurniawan. (2021, January 26). Populasi Sapi Pasundan di Jawa Barat Terus Menurun - PRFM News. Pikiran Rakyat. https://prfmnews.pikiran-rakyat.com/jawa-barat/pr-131333762/populasi-sapi-pasundan-di-jawa-barat-terus-menurun?page=all
Khalil, W. A., El-Harairy, M. A., Zeidan, A. E. B., Hassan, M. A. E., & Mohey-Elsaeed, O. (2018). Evaluation of bull spermatozoa during and after cryopreservation: Structural and ultrastructural insights. International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine, 6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijvsm.2017.11.001
Li, J., Li, J., Wang, S., Ju, H., Chen, S., Basioura, A., Ferreira-Dias, G., Liu, Z., & Zhu, J. (2024). Post-Thaw Storage Temperature Influenced Boar Sperm Quality and Lifespan through Apoptosis and Lipid Peroxidation. Animals, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14010087
Momeni, H. R., Abnosi, M. H., & Eskandari, N. (2020). Quantitative evaluation of human sperm viability using mtt assay: A laboratory study. International Journal of Reproductive BioMedicine, 18(11). https://doi.org/10.18502/ijrm.v13i11.7966
Nurcholis, N., Arifiantin, R., & Yamin, M. (2016). Kriopreservasi Semen Domba Garut Menggunakan Tris Kuning Telur yang Disuplementasi Omega-3 Minyak Ikan Salmon. Jurnal Veteriner, 17(2). https://doi.org/10.19087/jveteriner.2016.17.2.309
Park, Y. J., Shin, D. H., Pang, W. K., Ryu, D. Y., Rahman, M. S., Adegoke, E. O., & Pang, M. G. (2021). Short-term storage of semen samples in acidic extender increases the proportion of females in pigs. BMC Veterinary Research, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-021-03078-3
Pesch, S., & Hoffmann, B. (2007). Cryopreservation of spermatozoa in veterinary medicine. Journal Fur Reproduktionsmedizin Und Endokrinologie, 4(2).
Prastiwi, T., Prasetyaningtyas, W. E., & Karja, N. W. K. (2021). Penambahan á-tocopherol sebagai Antioksidan pada Pengencer Tris Kuning Telur Spermatozoa Kucing pada Suhu 4°C. Jurnal Veteriner, 22(4). https://doi.org/10.19087/jveteriner.2021.22.4.456
Pugliesi, G., Fürst, R., & Carvalho, G. R. (2013). Impact of Using a Fast-Freezing Technique and Different Thawing Protocols on Viability and Fertility of Frozen Equine Spermatozoa. In Andrologia. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.12205
Purwoko, P. (2016). Peran Kebijakan Fisal Dalam Peningkatan Produktvitas Pembibitan Sapi Nasional. Kajian Ekonomi Dan Keuangan, 19(2). https://doi.org/10.31685/kek.v19i2.137
Puwantara, B., Arifiantini, I., Karja, N. W. K., Pardede, B. P., Indriastuti, R., Satrio, F. A., & Memili, E. (2022). Pengembangan Penanda Fertilitas sebagai Alat Bantu “Akurat” dalam Upaya Optimalisasi Sapi Pejantan Unggul dalam Program Inseminasi Buatan. Policy Brief Pertanian, Kelautan Dan Biosains Tropika, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.29244/agro-maritim.v4.i1.10
Rajbari, R., Husna, A. U., Azam, A., Ejaz, R., Adalat, R., Akhter, S., Farooq, M. U., & Qadeer, S. (2022). Effects of Thawing Methods (Techniques) on Freeze Thaw Buffalo Bull Sperm Quality. Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Science(Egypt), 53(4). https://doi.org/10.21608/EJVS.2022.130902.1333
Rowe, M., & Pruett-Jones, S. (2011). Sperm competition selects for sperm quantity and quality in the Australian Maluridae. PLoS ONE, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015720
Salim, M. A., Susilawati, T., & Wahyuningsih, S. (2012). Pengaruh Metode Thawing terhadap Kualitas Semen Beku Sapi Bali, Sapi Madura dan Sapi PO. Jurnal Agripet, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.17969/agripet.v12i2.197
Samplaski, M. K., Dimitromanolakis, A., Lo, K. C., Grober, E. D., Mullen, B., Garbens, A., & Jarvi, K. A. (2015). The relationship between sperm viability and DNA fragmentation rates. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-015-0035-y
Santiani, A., Juárez, J., Allauca, P., Roman, B., Ugarelli, A., & Evangelista-Vargas, S. (2023). Cryopreservation effect on sperm viability, mitochondrial membrane potential, acrosome integrity and sperm capacitation of alpaca spermatozoa detected by imaging flow cytometry. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 58(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.14318
Sukmawati, E., Arifiantini, R. I., & Purwantara, B. (2014). Daya Tahan Spermatozoa Terhadap Proses Pembekuan Pada Berbagai Jenis Sapi Pejantan Unggul. Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Dan Veteriner, 19(3).
Utomo, S., & Boquifai, E. (2010). Pengaruh Temperatur dan Lama Thawing terhadap Kualitas Spermatozoa Sapi dalam Penyimpanan Straw Beku. Sains Peternakan, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.20961/sainspet.v8i1.4740
Yekti, A. P. A., Setiawan, R. E. R., Rachmawati, A., & Susilawati, T. (2023). Kualitas Semen Beku Sapi Limousin setelah Thawing Menggunakan Air Dingin dengan Lama Waktu yang Berbeda. Jurnal Agripet, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.17969/agripet.v23i1.23331
Zamrodah, Y. (2016). Manajemen Reproduksi dan Inseminasi Buatan. In Manajemen Reproduksi dan Inseminasi Buatan (Vol. 15, Issue 2).
Darussalam, I. (2019). Suplementasi l-carnitine dalam pengencer berbasis tris untuk meningkatkan kualitas semen beku sapi Pasundan. IPB University.
Elsadina, F. A. (2021). Prospek Pengembangan Sumberdaya Genetik Sapi Pasundan Berdasarkan Nilai Efektif Populasi dan Daya Dukung Wilayah di Kabupaten Garut. Jurnal Sumber Daya Hewan, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.24198/jsdh.v2i1.34043
Fannessia, L., Karja, N., Adnyane, I., & Setiadi, M. (2015). Pelacakan Kerusakan Akrosom Spermatozoa Domba Selama Proses Pembekuan dengan Teknik Histokimia Lektin. Jurnal Veteriner, 16(4), 560–568. https://doi.org/10.19087/jveteriner.2015.16.4.560
Fitriani, A., Herlina, L., Sulistyati, M., Yunasaf, U., & Sulaeman, M. M. (2020). Kesukaan, Sikap, Kepuasan, dan Kesetiaan Peternak dalam Mengusahakan Sapi Pasundan di Kabupaten Tasikmalaya, Jawa Barat. Jurnal Peternakan Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Animal Science), 22(2). https://doi.org/10.25077/jpi.22.2.155-167.2020
Gonzalez-Castro, R. A., Whitcomb, L. A., Pinsinski, E. C., & Carnevale, E. M. (2024). Cryopreservation of equine spermatozoa reduces plasma membrane integrity and phospholipase C zeta 1 content as associated with oocyte activation. Andrology, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.13517
Hong, C. Y., Chiang, B. N., Huang, J. J., & Wu, P. (1985). Two Plasminogen Activators, Streptokinase and Urokinase, Stimulate Human Sperm Motility. Andrologia, 17(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0272.1985.tb01010.x
Indra Kurniawan. (2021, January 26). Populasi Sapi Pasundan di Jawa Barat Terus Menurun - PRFM News. Pikiran Rakyat. https://prfmnews.pikiran-rakyat.com/jawa-barat/pr-131333762/populasi-sapi-pasundan-di-jawa-barat-terus-menurun?page=all
Khalil, W. A., El-Harairy, M. A., Zeidan, A. E. B., Hassan, M. A. E., & Mohey-Elsaeed, O. (2018). Evaluation of bull spermatozoa during and after cryopreservation: Structural and ultrastructural insights. International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine, 6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijvsm.2017.11.001
Li, J., Li, J., Wang, S., Ju, H., Chen, S., Basioura, A., Ferreira-Dias, G., Liu, Z., & Zhu, J. (2024). Post-Thaw Storage Temperature Influenced Boar Sperm Quality and Lifespan through Apoptosis and Lipid Peroxidation. Animals, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14010087
Momeni, H. R., Abnosi, M. H., & Eskandari, N. (2020). Quantitative evaluation of human sperm viability using mtt assay: A laboratory study. International Journal of Reproductive BioMedicine, 18(11). https://doi.org/10.18502/ijrm.v13i11.7966
Nurcholis, N., Arifiantin, R., & Yamin, M. (2016). Kriopreservasi Semen Domba Garut Menggunakan Tris Kuning Telur yang Disuplementasi Omega-3 Minyak Ikan Salmon. Jurnal Veteriner, 17(2). https://doi.org/10.19087/jveteriner.2016.17.2.309
Park, Y. J., Shin, D. H., Pang, W. K., Ryu, D. Y., Rahman, M. S., Adegoke, E. O., & Pang, M. G. (2021). Short-term storage of semen samples in acidic extender increases the proportion of females in pigs. BMC Veterinary Research, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-021-03078-3
Pesch, S., & Hoffmann, B. (2007). Cryopreservation of spermatozoa in veterinary medicine. Journal Fur Reproduktionsmedizin Und Endokrinologie, 4(2).
Prastiwi, T., Prasetyaningtyas, W. E., & Karja, N. W. K. (2021). Penambahan á-tocopherol sebagai Antioksidan pada Pengencer Tris Kuning Telur Spermatozoa Kucing pada Suhu 4°C. Jurnal Veteriner, 22(4). https://doi.org/10.19087/jveteriner.2021.22.4.456
Pugliesi, G., Fürst, R., & Carvalho, G. R. (2013). Impact of Using a Fast-Freezing Technique and Different Thawing Protocols on Viability and Fertility of Frozen Equine Spermatozoa. In Andrologia. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.12205
Purwoko, P. (2016). Peran Kebijakan Fisal Dalam Peningkatan Produktvitas Pembibitan Sapi Nasional. Kajian Ekonomi Dan Keuangan, 19(2). https://doi.org/10.31685/kek.v19i2.137
Puwantara, B., Arifiantini, I., Karja, N. W. K., Pardede, B. P., Indriastuti, R., Satrio, F. A., & Memili, E. (2022). Pengembangan Penanda Fertilitas sebagai Alat Bantu “Akurat” dalam Upaya Optimalisasi Sapi Pejantan Unggul dalam Program Inseminasi Buatan. Policy Brief Pertanian, Kelautan Dan Biosains Tropika, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.29244/agro-maritim.v4.i1.10
Rajbari, R., Husna, A. U., Azam, A., Ejaz, R., Adalat, R., Akhter, S., Farooq, M. U., & Qadeer, S. (2022). Effects of Thawing Methods (Techniques) on Freeze Thaw Buffalo Bull Sperm Quality. Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Science(Egypt), 53(4). https://doi.org/10.21608/EJVS.2022.130902.1333
Rowe, M., & Pruett-Jones, S. (2011). Sperm competition selects for sperm quantity and quality in the Australian Maluridae. PLoS ONE, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015720
Salim, M. A., Susilawati, T., & Wahyuningsih, S. (2012). Pengaruh Metode Thawing terhadap Kualitas Semen Beku Sapi Bali, Sapi Madura dan Sapi PO. Jurnal Agripet, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.17969/agripet.v12i2.197
Samplaski, M. K., Dimitromanolakis, A., Lo, K. C., Grober, E. D., Mullen, B., Garbens, A., & Jarvi, K. A. (2015). The relationship between sperm viability and DNA fragmentation rates. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-015-0035-y
Santiani, A., Juárez, J., Allauca, P., Roman, B., Ugarelli, A., & Evangelista-Vargas, S. (2023). Cryopreservation effect on sperm viability, mitochondrial membrane potential, acrosome integrity and sperm capacitation of alpaca spermatozoa detected by imaging flow cytometry. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 58(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.14318
Sukmawati, E., Arifiantini, R. I., & Purwantara, B. (2014). Daya Tahan Spermatozoa Terhadap Proses Pembekuan Pada Berbagai Jenis Sapi Pejantan Unggul. Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Dan Veteriner, 19(3).
Utomo, S., & Boquifai, E. (2010). Pengaruh Temperatur dan Lama Thawing terhadap Kualitas Spermatozoa Sapi dalam Penyimpanan Straw Beku. Sains Peternakan, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.20961/sainspet.v8i1.4740
Yekti, A. P. A., Setiawan, R. E. R., Rachmawati, A., & Susilawati, T. (2023). Kualitas Semen Beku Sapi Limousin setelah Thawing Menggunakan Air Dingin dengan Lama Waktu yang Berbeda. Jurnal Agripet, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.17969/agripet.v23i1.23331
Zamrodah, Y. (2016). Manajemen Reproduksi dan Inseminasi Buatan. In Manajemen Reproduksi dan Inseminasi Buatan (Vol. 15, Issue 2).