Main Article Content
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the morphometric characteristics of bull spermatozoa of different breeds and ages. This study used a Completely Randomized Design with a Factorial pattern with factor A consisting of A1 (Simmental bull) and A2 (Limousin bull), and factor B consisting of B1 (2-4 years), B2 (5-7 years), and B3 (8-10 years). The variables observed in this study included the area of the spermatozoa head, length of the spermatozoa tail, and size of the spermatozoa body. This study's findings indicate an interaction (p < 0.05) between the breed and age of the bull on the area of the spermatozoa head. Still, there is no interaction between the breed and age of the bull on the length of the spermatozoa tail and the size of the spermatozoa body. This study shows that Simmental bulls have higher spermatozoa morphometric characteristics than Limousin bulls. The results of the study of spermatozoa morphometric characteristics showed that the highest spermatozoa head area was in Limousin bull aged 5-7 years, namely 35.79 ± 3.91 µm2, the highest spermatozoa tail length was in Simmental bull aged 5-7 years, namely 49.28 ± 2.38 µm, the highest spermatozoa body length was in Simmental bull aged 5-7 years, 73.02 ± 4.32 µm. The findings of this study indicate that morphometric characteristics increased at the age of 5-7 years and decreased again at the age of 8-10 years.
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References
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- Druart, X. (2012). Sperm interaction with the female reproductive tract. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 47, 348–352.
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- Garner, D. L., & Hafez, E. S. E. (2000). Spermatozoa and seminal plasma. Reproduction in Farm Animals, 96–109.
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- Halvaei, I., Litzky, J., & Esfandiari, N. (2020). Advanced paternal age: effects on sperm parameters, assisted reproduction outcomes and offspring health. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology, 18(1), 110.
- Hapsari, F. R., Samsudewa, D., Setiatin, E. T., Ondho, Y. S., Setiaji, A., Harsi, T., Irfan, I. Z., Syamsono, O., & Sukmawati, E. (2022). Seasonal effect on semen quality of limousine and Simmental bulls.
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- Hernández-Caravaca, I., Soriano-Úbeda, C., Matás, C., Izquierdo-Rico, M. J., & Garc’ia-Vázquez, F. A. (2015). Boar sperm with defective motility are discriminated in the backflow moments after insemination. Theriogenology, 83(4), 655–661.
- Humphries, S., Evans, J. P., & Simmons, L. W. (2008). Sperm competition: linking form to function. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 8, 1–11.
- Jalius, J., Mustakim, M., Hoesni, F., Rosadi, B., & Farizal, F. (2023). Identifikasi Morfometri Spermatozoa Sapi Simental dan Sapi Ongole. Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Batanghari Jambi, 23(3), 2599–2603.
- Kaya, A., & Memili, E. (2016). Sperm macromolecules associated with bull fertility. Animal Reproduction Science, 169, 88–94.
- Khan, I., Mesalam, A., Heo, Y. S., Lee, S.-H., Nabi, G., & Kong, I.-K. (2023). Heat stress as a barrier to successful reproduction and potential alleviation strategies in cattle. Animals, 13(14), 2359.
- Kipper, B. H., Trevizan, J. T., Carreira, J. T., Carvalho, I. R., Mingoti, G. Z., Beletti, M. E., Perri, S. H. V, Franciscato, D. A., Pierucci, J. C., & Koivisto, M. B. (2017). Sperm morphometry and chromatin condensation in Nelore bulls of different ages and their effects on IVF. Theriogenology, 87, 154–160.
- Kondracki, S., Banaszewska, D., & Mielnicka, C. (2005). The effect of age on the morphometric sperm traits of domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domestica). Cell Mol Biol Lett, 10(1), 3–13.
- Kondracki, S., Banaszewska, D., Wysokińska, A., & Iwanina, M. (2012). The effect of sperm concentration in the ejaculate on morphological traits of bull spermatozoa. Folia Biologica (Kraków), 60(1–2), 85–91.
- Mandal, D. K., Kumar, M., & Tyagi, S. (2010). Effect of age on spermiogram of Holstein Friesian$times$ Sahiwal crossbred bulls. Animal, 4(4), 595–603.
- Maroto-Morales, A., Garc’ia-Álvarez, O., Ramón, M., Mart’inez-Pastor, F., Fernández-Santos, M. R., Soler, A. J., & Garde, J. J. (2016). Current status and potential of morphometric sperm analysis. Asian Journal of Andrology, 18(6), 863–870.
- Mashiko, D., Ikawa, M., & Fujimoto, K. (2017). Mouse spermatozoa with higher fertilization rates have thinner nuclei. PeerJ, 5, e3913.
- Morrell, J. M. (2020). Heat stress and bull fertility. Theriogenology, 153, 62–67.
- Ngoula, F., Lontio, F. A., Tchoffo, H., Manfo Tsague, F. P., Djeunang, R.-M., Vemo, B. N., Moffo, F., & Djuissi Motchewo, N. (2020). Heat induces oxidative stress: reproductive organ weights and serum metabolite profile, testes structure, and function impairment in male cavy (Cavia porcellus). Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 7, 37.
- Nursita, I. W., Trisaputra, F., Cholis, N., & Prayogi, H. S. (2022). Study of Sweating Rate and Microscopic Anatomy of Some Breeds Bulls Sweat Glands in Different Body Parts. Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Peternakan, 32(1), 139–146.
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- Rajak, S. K., Kumaresan, A., Gaurav, M. K., Layek, S. S., Mohanty, T. K., Aslam, M. K. M., Tripathi, U. K., Prasad, S., & De, S. (2014). Testicular cell indices and peripheral blood testosterone concentrations in relation to age and semen quality in crossbred (Holstein Friesian$times$ Tharparkar) bulls. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 27(11), 1554.
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- Roy, B. (2014). A comparative study on sperm morphometry of crossbred and Murrah buffalo bulls. Int. J. Agric. Sci. Vet. Med, 2, 149–155.
- Saini, J., Dhande, P. L., Gaikwad, S. A., Shankhapal, V. D., Hmangaihzuali, E. V. L., & Walters, A. (2018). Comparative study on sperm morphology and morphometry of Holstein friesian and murrah buffalo bull. Buffalo Bulletin, 37(4), 559–567.
- Sarder, M. J. U. (2004). Morphological sperm abnormalities of different breeds of AI bull and its impact on conception rate of cows in AI programme. Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2(2), 129–135.
- Souza, L. W. de O., Andrade, A. F. C., Celeghini, E. C. C., Negrão, J. A., & Arruda, R. P. de. (2011). Correlation between sperm characteristics and testosterone in bovine seminal plasma by direct radioimmunoassay. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 40, 2721–2724.
- Tourmente, M., Gomendio, M., & Roldan, E. R. S. (2011). Sperm competition and the evolution of sperm design in mammals. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 11, 1–10.
- Trevizan, J. T., Carreira, J. T., Carvalho, I. R., Kipper, B. H., Nagata, W. B., Perri, S. H. V., Oliveira, M. E. F., Pierucci, J. C., & de Koivisto, M. B. (2018). Does lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage differ in cryopreserved semen samples from young, adult and aged Nellore bulls? Animal Reproduction Science, 195, 8–15.
- Valverde, A., Arenán, H., Sancho, M., Contell, J., Yániz, J., Fernández, A., & Soler, C. (2016). Morphometry and subpopulation structure of Holstein bull spermatozoa: variations in ejaculates and cryopreservation straws. Asian Journal of Andrology, 18(6), 851–857.
- Yu, P., Yuan, R., Yang, X., & Qi, Z. (2019). Adipose tissue, aging, and metabolism. Current Opinion in Endocrine and Metabolic Research, 5, 11–20.
References
Abah, K. O., Fontbonne, A., Partyka, A., & Nizanski, W. (2023). Effect of male age on semen quality in domestic animals: potential for advanced functional and translational research? Veterinary Research Communications, 47(3), 1125–1137.
Attia, S., Katila, T., & Andersson, M. (2016). The effect of sperm morphology and sire fertility on calving rate of Finnish Ayrshire AI bulls. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 51(1), 54–58.
Baharun, A., Said, S., Arifiantini, R. I., & Karja, N. W. K. (2021). Correlation between age, testosterone and adiponectin concentrations, and sperm abnormalities in Simmental bulls. Veterinary World, 14(8), 2124.
Callaghan, M. J., McAuliffe, P., Rodgers, R. J., Hernandez-Medrano, J., & Perry, V. E. A. (2016). Subacute ruminal acidosis reduces sperm quality in beef bulls. Journal of Animal Science, 94(8), 3215–3228.
Carreira, J. T., Trevizan, J. T., Carvalho, I. R., Kipper, B., Rodrigues, L. H., Silva, C., Perri, S. H. V, Drevet, J. R., & Koivisto, M. B. (2017). Does sperm quality and DNA integrity differ in cryopreserved semen samples from young, adult, and aged Nellore bulls? Basic and Clinical Andrology, 27, 1–8.
Chung, E. L. T., Jesse, F. F. A., Kamalludin, M. H., Reduan, M. F. H., Samsudin, A. A., & Loh, T. C. (2019). A case study: environmental stressor leading to reproduction problem in a cow. Malays. J. Anim. Sci, 22, 65–70.
Chung, E. L. T., Nayan, N., Nasir, N. S. M., Hing, P. S. A., Ramli, S., Rahman, M. H. A., & Kamalludin, M. H. (2019). Effect of honey as an additive for cryopreservation on bull semen quality from different cattle breeds under tropical condition. J. Anim. Health Prod, 7(4), 171–178.
Dasrul, D., Wahyuni, S., Sugito, S., Hamzah, A., Zaini, Z., Haris, A., & Gholib, G. (2020). Correlation between testosterone concentrations with scrotal circumference, and semen characteristics in Aceh bulls. E3S Web of Conferences, 151, 1015.
Druart, X. (2012). Sperm interaction with the female reproductive tract. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 47, 348–352.
Felton-Taylor, J., Prosser, K. A., Hernandez-Medrano, J. H., Gentili, S., Copping, K. J., Macrossan, P. E., & Perry, V. E. A. (2020). Effect of breed, age, season and region on sperm morphology in 11,387 bulls submitted to breeding soundness evaluation in Australia. Theriogenology, 142, 1–7.
Fernandez-Novo, A., Pérez-Garnelo, S. S., Villagrá, A., Pérez-Villalobos, N., & Astiz, S. (2020). The effect of stress on reproduction and reproductive technologies in beef cattle�A review. Animals, 10(11), 2096.
Fortes, M. R. S., Holroyd, R. G., Reverter, A., Venus, B. K., Satake, N., & Boe-Hansen, G. B. (2012). The integrity of sperm chromatin in young tropical composite bulls. Theriogenology, 78(2), 326–333.
Freneau, G. E., Vale Filho, V. R., Marques Jr, A. P., & Maria, W. S. (2006). Puberdade em touros Nelore criados em pasto no Brasil: caracter{’i}sticas corporais, testiculares e seminais e de {’i}ndice de capacidade andrológica por pontos. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, 58, 1107–1115.
Garc’ia-Herreros, M., & Leal, C. L. V. (2014). Sperm morphometry: a tool for detecting biophysical changes associated with viability in cryopreserved bovine spermatozoa. Andrologia, 46(7), 820–822.
Garcia-Vazquez, F. A., Gadea, J., Matás, C., & Holt, W. V. (2016). Importance of sperm morphology during sperm transport and fertilization in mammals. Asian Journal of Andrology, 18(6), 844–850.
Garner, D. L., & Hafez, E. S. E. (2000). Spermatozoa and seminal plasma. Reproduction in Farm Animals, 96–109.
Gravance, C. G., Casey, M. E., & Casey, P. J. (2009). Pre-freeze bull sperm head morphometry related to post-thaw fertility. Animal Reproduction Science, 114(1–3), 81–88.
Gulia, S., Sarkar, M., Kumar, V., Meyer, H. H. D., & Prakash, B. S. (2010). Divergent development of testosterone secretion in male zebu (Bos indicus) and crossbred cattle (Bos indicus x Bos taurus) and buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) during growth. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 42, 1143–1148.
Halvaei, I., Litzky, J., & Esfandiari, N. (2020). Advanced paternal age: effects on sperm parameters, assisted reproduction outcomes and offspring health. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology, 18(1), 110.
Hapsari, F. R., Samsudewa, D., Setiatin, E. T., Ondho, Y. S., Setiaji, A., Harsi, T., Irfan, I. Z., Syamsono, O., & Sukmawati, E. (2022). Seasonal effect on semen quality of limousine and Simmental bulls.
Heinz, J. F. L., Singh, S. P., Janowitz, U., Hoelker, M., Tesfaye, D., Schellander, K., & Sauerwein, H. (2015). Characterization of adiponectin concentrations and molecular weight forms in serum, seminal plasma, and ovarian follicular fluid from cattle. Theriogenology, 83(3), 326–333.
Hernández-Caravaca, I., Soriano-Úbeda, C., Matás, C., Izquierdo-Rico, M. J., & Garc’ia-Vázquez, F. A. (2015). Boar sperm with defective motility are discriminated in the backflow moments after insemination. Theriogenology, 83(4), 655–661.
Humphries, S., Evans, J. P., & Simmons, L. W. (2008). Sperm competition: linking form to function. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 8, 1–11.
Jalius, J., Mustakim, M., Hoesni, F., Rosadi, B., & Farizal, F. (2023). Identifikasi Morfometri Spermatozoa Sapi Simental dan Sapi Ongole. Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Batanghari Jambi, 23(3), 2599–2603.
Kaya, A., & Memili, E. (2016). Sperm macromolecules associated with bull fertility. Animal Reproduction Science, 169, 88–94.
Khan, I., Mesalam, A., Heo, Y. S., Lee, S.-H., Nabi, G., & Kong, I.-K. (2023). Heat stress as a barrier to successful reproduction and potential alleviation strategies in cattle. Animals, 13(14), 2359.
Kipper, B. H., Trevizan, J. T., Carreira, J. T., Carvalho, I. R., Mingoti, G. Z., Beletti, M. E., Perri, S. H. V, Franciscato, D. A., Pierucci, J. C., & Koivisto, M. B. (2017). Sperm morphometry and chromatin condensation in Nelore bulls of different ages and their effects on IVF. Theriogenology, 87, 154–160.
Kondracki, S., Banaszewska, D., & Mielnicka, C. (2005). The effect of age on the morphometric sperm traits of domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domestica). Cell Mol Biol Lett, 10(1), 3–13.
Kondracki, S., Banaszewska, D., Wysokińska, A., & Iwanina, M. (2012). The effect of sperm concentration in the ejaculate on morphological traits of bull spermatozoa. Folia Biologica (Kraków), 60(1–2), 85–91.
Mandal, D. K., Kumar, M., & Tyagi, S. (2010). Effect of age on spermiogram of Holstein Friesian$times$ Sahiwal crossbred bulls. Animal, 4(4), 595–603.
Maroto-Morales, A., Garc’ia-Álvarez, O., Ramón, M., Mart’inez-Pastor, F., Fernández-Santos, M. R., Soler, A. J., & Garde, J. J. (2016). Current status and potential of morphometric sperm analysis. Asian Journal of Andrology, 18(6), 863–870.
Mashiko, D., Ikawa, M., & Fujimoto, K. (2017). Mouse spermatozoa with higher fertilization rates have thinner nuclei. PeerJ, 5, e3913.
Morrell, J. M. (2020). Heat stress and bull fertility. Theriogenology, 153, 62–67.
Ngoula, F., Lontio, F. A., Tchoffo, H., Manfo Tsague, F. P., Djeunang, R.-M., Vemo, B. N., Moffo, F., & Djuissi Motchewo, N. (2020). Heat induces oxidative stress: reproductive organ weights and serum metabolite profile, testes structure, and function impairment in male cavy (Cavia porcellus). Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 7, 37.
Nursita, I. W., Trisaputra, F., Cholis, N., & Prayogi, H. S. (2022). Study of Sweating Rate and Microscopic Anatomy of Some Breeds Bulls Sweat Glands in Different Body Parts. Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Peternakan, 32(1), 139–146.
Perumal, P., Savino, N., Sangma, C. T. R., Khan, M. H., Ezung, E., Chang, S., & Sangtam, T. Z. T. (2017). Seasonal effect on physiological, reproductive and fertility profiles in breeding mithun bulls. Asian Pacific Journal of Reproduction, 6(6), 268–278.
Rajak, S. K., Kumaresan, A., Gaurav, M. K., Layek, S. S., Mohanty, T. K., Aslam, M. K. M., Tripathi, U. K., Prasad, S., & De, S. (2014). Testicular cell indices and peripheral blood testosterone concentrations in relation to age and semen quality in crossbred (Holstein Friesian$times$ Tharparkar) bulls. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 27(11), 1554.
Ramón, M., Soler, A. J., Ortiz, J. A., Garc’ia-Alvarez, O., Maroto-Morales, A., Roldan, E. R. S., & Garde, J. J. (2013). Sperm population structure and male fertility: an intraspecific study of sperm design and velocity in red deer. Biology of Reproduction, 89(5), 110–111.
Roy, B. (2014). A comparative study on sperm morphometry of crossbred and Murrah buffalo bulls. Int. J. Agric. Sci. Vet. Med, 2, 149–155.
Saini, J., Dhande, P. L., Gaikwad, S. A., Shankhapal, V. D., Hmangaihzuali, E. V. L., & Walters, A. (2018). Comparative study on sperm morphology and morphometry of Holstein friesian and murrah buffalo bull. Buffalo Bulletin, 37(4), 559–567.
Sarder, M. J. U. (2004). Morphological sperm abnormalities of different breeds of AI bull and its impact on conception rate of cows in AI programme. Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2(2), 129–135.
Souza, L. W. de O., Andrade, A. F. C., Celeghini, E. C. C., Negrão, J. A., & Arruda, R. P. de. (2011). Correlation between sperm characteristics and testosterone in bovine seminal plasma by direct radioimmunoassay. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 40, 2721–2724.
Tourmente, M., Gomendio, M., & Roldan, E. R. S. (2011). Sperm competition and the evolution of sperm design in mammals. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 11, 1–10.
Trevizan, J. T., Carreira, J. T., Carvalho, I. R., Kipper, B. H., Nagata, W. B., Perri, S. H. V., Oliveira, M. E. F., Pierucci, J. C., & de Koivisto, M. B. (2018). Does lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage differ in cryopreserved semen samples from young, adult and aged Nellore bulls? Animal Reproduction Science, 195, 8–15.
Valverde, A., Arenán, H., Sancho, M., Contell, J., Yániz, J., Fernández, A., & Soler, C. (2016). Morphometry and subpopulation structure of Holstein bull spermatozoa: variations in ejaculates and cryopreservation straws. Asian Journal of Andrology, 18(6), 851–857.
Yu, P., Yuan, R., Yang, X., & Qi, Z. (2019). Adipose tissue, aging, and metabolism. Current Opinion in Endocrine and Metabolic Research, 5, 11–20.