Main Article Content
Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the nutritional profile and in vitro fermentation characteristics of mixed silage of Kume grass and Moringa leaves in the feed chemistry laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Nusa Cendana. The materials used were Kume grass and Moringa leaves, with the addition of rice bran as a fermentation stimulant. The research used an experimental method with a completely randomised design consisting of four treatments and five replications. The treatments were the proportions of Kume grass and Moringa leaves, respectively: KK0 = 100% Kume grass + 0% Moringa leaves; KK25 = 75% Kume grass + 25% Moringa leaves; KK50 = 50% Kume grass + 50% Moringa leaves and KK75 = 25% Kume grass + 75% Moringa leaves. The parameters measured included organoleptic quality, silage nutrient content, in vitro digestibility, and rumen fermentation. The results showed that increasing the level of Moringa leaves resulted in good ensilage, indicated by the absence of mould and a sour aroma. Rising levels of moringa leaves had a statistically significant effect (P<0.01) on the nutrient content of silage, rumen fermentation, and in vitro digestibility of the silage. It can be concluded that ensiling technology using Moringa leaves offers a promising solution to address feed shortages.
Keywords
Nutrient content
mixed silage
Moringa leaves
Kume grass
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How to Cite
Kleden, M. M., Nenobais, M., Lestari, G. A. Y., & Ratu, M. R. D. (2025). Nutritional Profile and In Vitro Rumen Fermentation of Mixed Silage of Kume Grass and Moringa Leaves. Jurnal Sain Peternakan Indonesia, 20(3), 165–172. https://doi.org/10.31186/jspi.id.20.3.165-172
References
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Araica, B.M., E. Sporndly., N.R. Sanchez., F.S. Miranda and M. Hallling., 2012. Biomassa Production and Chemical Composition of Moringa oleifera under Different Planting Densities and Levels of Nitrogen Fertilization. Agroforest Syst (2013)87:81-92.
Anonymous, 2013b. Tanaman Obat Indonesia. http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/pd_ tanaobat/view.php?id=144. Tanggal unduh: 27 April 2013.
Borreani, G., E. Tabacco., R. J. Schmidt., B. J. Holmes. and R. E. Muck. 2018. J. Silage review: Factors affecting dry matter and quality losses in silages. Dairy Sci. 101:3952–3979 https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13837
Culver, M., T. Fanuel and A.Z. Chiteka., 2012. Effect of Moringa Extract on Growth and Yield of Tomato. Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences 2(5):207-211
Dami Dato, T. O. 1998. Pengelolaan rumput kering (Sorghum plumosum var.Timorense).Jurnal peternakan 24(2):31-40
Emmanuel, S.A., S.G. Zaku., S.O. Adedirin, M. Tafida and S.A. Thomas., 2011. Moringa oleifera Seed-Cake, Alternative Biodegradable and Biocompatibility Organic Fertilizer for Modern Farming. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America 2(9):1289-1292
Hartati E, A. Saleh, ED Sulistijo and JJA Ratuwaloe. 2009. Supplementation of ZnSO4 and Zn-Cu Isoleusinate in Ration To Improve Growth and Body Immunity of Young Male Bali Cattle. Animal Production 14(3):180-186
Hoover W.H. and S R Stokes. 1991. Balancing carbohydrates and proteins for optimum rumen microbial yield. J. Dairy Sci. Oct. 74(10): 3630-44. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78553-6.
Kleden M.M., H. Soetanto., Kusmartono and Koeswanto. 2017. Genetic Diversity Evaluation of Moringa oleifera, Lam from East Flores Regency Using Marker Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Its Relationship to Chemical Composition and In Vitro Gas Production. AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science. 39(2): 219-231
Kleden, M.M., E. Hartati and G.A.Y. Lestari. 2024. Influence of Concentrate Levels on Nutrient Utilization in Ongole Crossbreed Cattle Fed with Sorghum-Moringa Silage. International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics 19(4):1301-1308 .Journal homepage: http://iieta.org/journals/ijdne
Mehrez, A. Z., E. R. Orskov, and I. McDonald. 1977. Rates of rumen fermentation in relation to ammonia concentration. Br. J. Nutr. 38:437.
Mayulu H, Suyadi, M. Christiyanto, Sunarso, T. P. Daru, and Muh. I. Haris. 2020. In vitro digestibility and fermentation ruminant of buffalo ration based on Neptunia plenaL. Benth andLeersia hexandraSwartzas local resources. Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Peternakan 30(2):148-157. http://jiip.ub.ac.id DOI: 10.21776/ub.jiip.2020.030.02.07148
Nikolic, J., M. Jovanovic, and R. Filipovic. 1974. Microbial protein synthesis by bovine rumen content in relation to ammonia concentration. Pages 43-54 in Tracer studies on nonprotein nitrogen for ruminants. II. Int. At. Energy Agency, Vienna.
Noller, C.H and J.W. Thomas. 1985. Hay-Crop silage In: Forage. Ed. By M.E. Heat, Robert F, Barnes and Darrel s. Metcalfe. The Science of Grassland Agriculture. Fourth edition IOWA State University Press
Nuhu, F., 2010. Effect of Moringa Leaf Meal (MOLM) on Nutrient Digestibility, Growth, Carcass and Blood Indeces of Weaner Rabbits. Thesis Master of Science. Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources Departmen of Animal Science Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology.
Pahlow, G., R. E. Muck, F. Driehuis, S. J. W. H. Oude Elferink, and S. F. Spoelstra. 2003. Microbiology of ensiling. Pages 31–93 in Silage Science and Technology (Agronomy Series No. 42). D. R. Buxton, R. E. Muck, and H. J. Harrison, ed. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.
Patil P.V and M.K.Patil. 2022. Factors affecting nutrient digestibility in animals. Just Agriculture Vol. 2 No. 7. www.justagriculture.in
Ritu, P., Veena Sharma and Pracheta., 2011. A Review on Horse Radish Tree (Moringa oleifera): A Multipurpose Tree with High Economic and Commercial Importance. Asian Journal of Technology 3(4):317-328
Roloff, A., H. Weisgerber., U. Lang., and B. Stimm., 2009. Moringa oleifera Lam. Enzyclopadie der Holsgewasche, Handbuch und Atlas der Dendrologie. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.KgaA, Weinchim
Rufai, S., M.M. Hanafi., M.Y. Rafii., S. Ahmad., I.W. Arolu., and Jannatul Firdous., 2013. Genetic Dissection of New Genotypes of Drumstick Tree (Moringa oleifera Lam.) Using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Marker. Research Article. BioMed Research International. Hindawi Publishing Corporation.
Santos M.C. and L. Kung Jr. 206. Short communication: The effects of dry matter and length of storage on the composition and nutritive value of alfalfa silage. J. Dairy Sci. 99:5466–5469 http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-10866 American Dairy Science Association
Schmidt, and R. Charley. 2011. Influence of ensiling time and inoculation on alteration o the starch-protein matrix in high-moisture corn. J. Dairy Sci. 94:2465–2474.
Takamitsu, II., 1976. Feeding Value of Forage Sorghum. JARQ 10(1):33-36.
.Van Soet PJ. 1994. Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminant. Second Edition. Comstock Publishing Associate Cornell University Press. A Devision of Itacha and London
Whiter, A. G., and L. Kung Jr.. 2001. The effect of a dry or liquid application of Lactobacillus plantarum MTD1 on the fermentation of alfalfa silage. J. Dairy Sci. 84:2195–2202.
Winters, A. L., R. Fychan, and R. Jones. 2001. Effect of formic acid and a bacterial inoculant on the amino acid composition of grass silage and on animal performance. Grass Forage Sci. 56:181–192.
Yahaya, M. S., A. Kimura, J. Harai, H. V. Nguyen, M. Kawai, J. Takahashi, and S. Matsuoka. 2001. Effect of length of ensiling on silo degradation and digestibility of structural carbohydrates of lucerne and orchardgrass. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 92:141–148.
Zimmer, E. 1980. Efficient silage systems. Pages 176–194 in - Forage Conservation in the ‘80s - Occasional Symposium, British Grassland Society Conference, No. 11, Brighton, UK.
References
Araica, B.M., E. Sporndly., N.R. Sanchez., F.S. Miranda and M. Hallling., 2012. Biomassa Production and Chemical Composition of Moringa oleifera under Different Planting Densities and Levels of Nitrogen Fertilization. Agroforest Syst (2013)87:81-92.
Anonymous, 2013b. Tanaman Obat Indonesia. http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/pd_ tanaobat/view.php?id=144. Tanggal unduh: 27 April 2013.
Borreani, G., E. Tabacco., R. J. Schmidt., B. J. Holmes. and R. E. Muck. 2018. J. Silage review: Factors affecting dry matter and quality losses in silages. Dairy Sci. 101:3952–3979 https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13837
Culver, M., T. Fanuel and A.Z. Chiteka., 2012. Effect of Moringa Extract on Growth and Yield of Tomato. Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences 2(5):207-211
Dami Dato, T. O. 1998. Pengelolaan rumput kering (Sorghum plumosum var.Timorense).Jurnal peternakan 24(2):31-40
Emmanuel, S.A., S.G. Zaku., S.O. Adedirin, M. Tafida and S.A. Thomas., 2011. Moringa oleifera Seed-Cake, Alternative Biodegradable and Biocompatibility Organic Fertilizer for Modern Farming. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America 2(9):1289-1292
Hartati E, A. Saleh, ED Sulistijo and JJA Ratuwaloe. 2009. Supplementation of ZnSO4 and Zn-Cu Isoleusinate in Ration To Improve Growth and Body Immunity of Young Male Bali Cattle. Animal Production 14(3):180-186
Hoover W.H. and S R Stokes. 1991. Balancing carbohydrates and proteins for optimum rumen microbial yield. J. Dairy Sci. Oct. 74(10): 3630-44. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78553-6.
Kleden M.M., H. Soetanto., Kusmartono and Koeswanto. 2017. Genetic Diversity Evaluation of Moringa oleifera, Lam from East Flores Regency Using Marker Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Its Relationship to Chemical Composition and In Vitro Gas Production. AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science. 39(2): 219-231
Kleden, M.M., E. Hartati and G.A.Y. Lestari. 2024. Influence of Concentrate Levels on Nutrient Utilization in Ongole Crossbreed Cattle Fed with Sorghum-Moringa Silage. International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics 19(4):1301-1308 .Journal homepage: http://iieta.org/journals/ijdne
Mehrez, A. Z., E. R. Orskov, and I. McDonald. 1977. Rates of rumen fermentation in relation to ammonia concentration. Br. J. Nutr. 38:437.
Mayulu H, Suyadi, M. Christiyanto, Sunarso, T. P. Daru, and Muh. I. Haris. 2020. In vitro digestibility and fermentation ruminant of buffalo ration based on Neptunia plenaL. Benth andLeersia hexandraSwartzas local resources. Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Peternakan 30(2):148-157. http://jiip.ub.ac.id DOI: 10.21776/ub.jiip.2020.030.02.07148
Nikolic, J., M. Jovanovic, and R. Filipovic. 1974. Microbial protein synthesis by bovine rumen content in relation to ammonia concentration. Pages 43-54 in Tracer studies on nonprotein nitrogen for ruminants. II. Int. At. Energy Agency, Vienna.
Noller, C.H and J.W. Thomas. 1985. Hay-Crop silage In: Forage. Ed. By M.E. Heat, Robert F, Barnes and Darrel s. Metcalfe. The Science of Grassland Agriculture. Fourth edition IOWA State University Press
Nuhu, F., 2010. Effect of Moringa Leaf Meal (MOLM) on Nutrient Digestibility, Growth, Carcass and Blood Indeces of Weaner Rabbits. Thesis Master of Science. Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources Departmen of Animal Science Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology.
Pahlow, G., R. E. Muck, F. Driehuis, S. J. W. H. Oude Elferink, and S. F. Spoelstra. 2003. Microbiology of ensiling. Pages 31–93 in Silage Science and Technology (Agronomy Series No. 42). D. R. Buxton, R. E. Muck, and H. J. Harrison, ed. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.
Patil P.V and M.K.Patil. 2022. Factors affecting nutrient digestibility in animals. Just Agriculture Vol. 2 No. 7. www.justagriculture.in
Ritu, P., Veena Sharma and Pracheta., 2011. A Review on Horse Radish Tree (Moringa oleifera): A Multipurpose Tree with High Economic and Commercial Importance. Asian Journal of Technology 3(4):317-328
Roloff, A., H. Weisgerber., U. Lang., and B. Stimm., 2009. Moringa oleifera Lam. Enzyclopadie der Holsgewasche, Handbuch und Atlas der Dendrologie. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.KgaA, Weinchim
Rufai, S., M.M. Hanafi., M.Y. Rafii., S. Ahmad., I.W. Arolu., and Jannatul Firdous., 2013. Genetic Dissection of New Genotypes of Drumstick Tree (Moringa oleifera Lam.) Using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Marker. Research Article. BioMed Research International. Hindawi Publishing Corporation.
Santos M.C. and L. Kung Jr. 206. Short communication: The effects of dry matter and length of storage on the composition and nutritive value of alfalfa silage. J. Dairy Sci. 99:5466–5469 http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-10866 American Dairy Science Association
Schmidt, and R. Charley. 2011. Influence of ensiling time and inoculation on alteration o the starch-protein matrix in high-moisture corn. J. Dairy Sci. 94:2465–2474.
Takamitsu, II., 1976. Feeding Value of Forage Sorghum. JARQ 10(1):33-36.
.Van Soet PJ. 1994. Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminant. Second Edition. Comstock Publishing Associate Cornell University Press. A Devision of Itacha and London
Whiter, A. G., and L. Kung Jr.. 2001. The effect of a dry or liquid application of Lactobacillus plantarum MTD1 on the fermentation of alfalfa silage. J. Dairy Sci. 84:2195–2202.
Winters, A. L., R. Fychan, and R. Jones. 2001. Effect of formic acid and a bacterial inoculant on the amino acid composition of grass silage and on animal performance. Grass Forage Sci. 56:181–192.
Yahaya, M. S., A. Kimura, J. Harai, H. V. Nguyen, M. Kawai, J. Takahashi, and S. Matsuoka. 2001. Effect of length of ensiling on silo degradation and digestibility of structural carbohydrates of lucerne and orchardgrass. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 92:141–148.
Zimmer, E. 1980. Efficient silage systems. Pages 176–194 in - Forage Conservation in the ‘80s - Occasional Symposium, British Grassland Society Conference, No. 11, Brighton, UK.
Anonymous, 2013b. Tanaman Obat Indonesia. http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/pd_ tanaobat/view.php?id=144. Tanggal unduh: 27 April 2013.
Borreani, G., E. Tabacco., R. J. Schmidt., B. J. Holmes. and R. E. Muck. 2018. J. Silage review: Factors affecting dry matter and quality losses in silages. Dairy Sci. 101:3952–3979 https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13837
Culver, M., T. Fanuel and A.Z. Chiteka., 2012. Effect of Moringa Extract on Growth and Yield of Tomato. Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences 2(5):207-211
Dami Dato, T. O. 1998. Pengelolaan rumput kering (Sorghum plumosum var.Timorense).Jurnal peternakan 24(2):31-40
Emmanuel, S.A., S.G. Zaku., S.O. Adedirin, M. Tafida and S.A. Thomas., 2011. Moringa oleifera Seed-Cake, Alternative Biodegradable and Biocompatibility Organic Fertilizer for Modern Farming. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America 2(9):1289-1292
Hartati E, A. Saleh, ED Sulistijo and JJA Ratuwaloe. 2009. Supplementation of ZnSO4 and Zn-Cu Isoleusinate in Ration To Improve Growth and Body Immunity of Young Male Bali Cattle. Animal Production 14(3):180-186
Hoover W.H. and S R Stokes. 1991. Balancing carbohydrates and proteins for optimum rumen microbial yield. J. Dairy Sci. Oct. 74(10): 3630-44. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78553-6.
Kleden M.M., H. Soetanto., Kusmartono and Koeswanto. 2017. Genetic Diversity Evaluation of Moringa oleifera, Lam from East Flores Regency Using Marker Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Its Relationship to Chemical Composition and In Vitro Gas Production. AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science. 39(2): 219-231
Kleden, M.M., E. Hartati and G.A.Y. Lestari. 2024. Influence of Concentrate Levels on Nutrient Utilization in Ongole Crossbreed Cattle Fed with Sorghum-Moringa Silage. International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics 19(4):1301-1308 .Journal homepage: http://iieta.org/journals/ijdne
Mehrez, A. Z., E. R. Orskov, and I. McDonald. 1977. Rates of rumen fermentation in relation to ammonia concentration. Br. J. Nutr. 38:437.
Mayulu H, Suyadi, M. Christiyanto, Sunarso, T. P. Daru, and Muh. I. Haris. 2020. In vitro digestibility and fermentation ruminant of buffalo ration based on Neptunia plenaL. Benth andLeersia hexandraSwartzas local resources. Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Peternakan 30(2):148-157. http://jiip.ub.ac.id DOI: 10.21776/ub.jiip.2020.030.02.07148
Nikolic, J., M. Jovanovic, and R. Filipovic. 1974. Microbial protein synthesis by bovine rumen content in relation to ammonia concentration. Pages 43-54 in Tracer studies on nonprotein nitrogen for ruminants. II. Int. At. Energy Agency, Vienna.
Noller, C.H and J.W. Thomas. 1985. Hay-Crop silage In: Forage. Ed. By M.E. Heat, Robert F, Barnes and Darrel s. Metcalfe. The Science of Grassland Agriculture. Fourth edition IOWA State University Press
Nuhu, F., 2010. Effect of Moringa Leaf Meal (MOLM) on Nutrient Digestibility, Growth, Carcass and Blood Indeces of Weaner Rabbits. Thesis Master of Science. Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources Departmen of Animal Science Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology.
Pahlow, G., R. E. Muck, F. Driehuis, S. J. W. H. Oude Elferink, and S. F. Spoelstra. 2003. Microbiology of ensiling. Pages 31–93 in Silage Science and Technology (Agronomy Series No. 42). D. R. Buxton, R. E. Muck, and H. J. Harrison, ed. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.
Patil P.V and M.K.Patil. 2022. Factors affecting nutrient digestibility in animals. Just Agriculture Vol. 2 No. 7. www.justagriculture.in
Ritu, P., Veena Sharma and Pracheta., 2011. A Review on Horse Radish Tree (Moringa oleifera): A Multipurpose Tree with High Economic and Commercial Importance. Asian Journal of Technology 3(4):317-328
Roloff, A., H. Weisgerber., U. Lang., and B. Stimm., 2009. Moringa oleifera Lam. Enzyclopadie der Holsgewasche, Handbuch und Atlas der Dendrologie. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.KgaA, Weinchim
Rufai, S., M.M. Hanafi., M.Y. Rafii., S. Ahmad., I.W. Arolu., and Jannatul Firdous., 2013. Genetic Dissection of New Genotypes of Drumstick Tree (Moringa oleifera Lam.) Using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Marker. Research Article. BioMed Research International. Hindawi Publishing Corporation.
Santos M.C. and L. Kung Jr. 206. Short communication: The effects of dry matter and length of storage on the composition and nutritive value of alfalfa silage. J. Dairy Sci. 99:5466–5469 http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-10866 American Dairy Science Association
Schmidt, and R. Charley. 2011. Influence of ensiling time and inoculation on alteration o the starch-protein matrix in high-moisture corn. J. Dairy Sci. 94:2465–2474.
Takamitsu, II., 1976. Feeding Value of Forage Sorghum. JARQ 10(1):33-36.
.Van Soet PJ. 1994. Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminant. Second Edition. Comstock Publishing Associate Cornell University Press. A Devision of Itacha and London
Whiter, A. G., and L. Kung Jr.. 2001. The effect of a dry or liquid application of Lactobacillus plantarum MTD1 on the fermentation of alfalfa silage. J. Dairy Sci. 84:2195–2202.
Winters, A. L., R. Fychan, and R. Jones. 2001. Effect of formic acid and a bacterial inoculant on the amino acid composition of grass silage and on animal performance. Grass Forage Sci. 56:181–192.
Yahaya, M. S., A. Kimura, J. Harai, H. V. Nguyen, M. Kawai, J. Takahashi, and S. Matsuoka. 2001. Effect of length of ensiling on silo degradation and digestibility of structural carbohydrates of lucerne and orchardgrass. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 92:141–148.
Zimmer, E. 1980. Efficient silage systems. Pages 176–194 in - Forage Conservation in the ‘80s - Occasional Symposium, British Grassland Society Conference, No. 11, Brighton, UK.