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Abstract
This study evaluated the effectiveness of several calcium compounds in the saponification of lemuru fish (Sardinella lemuru) oil to produce protected fat supplements for ruminants. Four calcium sources—Ca (OH)₂, CaCO₃, CaCO₃·MgCO₃ (dolomite), and CaSO₄ (gypsum)—were tested using a completely randomized design with five replications. The parameters observed included product texture, proximate composition (moisture, ash, fat), fatty acid profile, and solubility under rumen-like (neutral) and gastric (acidic) conditions. Results indicated that Ca (OH)₂, CaCO₃·MgCO₃, and CaSO₄ were effective in forming calcium or mixed fatty acid salts, while CaCO₃ failed to bind free fatty acids. Among the effective compounds, Ca (OH)₂ produced the fastest hardening product, whereas dolomite and gypsum provided more balanced mineral contributions (Ca, Mg, and S). All protected fat products were less soluble in the rumen environment but readily decomposed under acidic gastric conditions, ensuring nutrient bypass. These findings suggest that low-cost and locally available calcium sources can be utilized to develop protected fat supplements that are both nutritionally safe and practical for ruminant feeding. Further research is needed to optimize the water-to-oil ratio and enzyme application for improved efficiency.
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References
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References
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Bhatt, R. S., A. Sahoo, L.K. Soni, and Y.P. Gadekar. 2017. Effect of Protected Fat as Ca- Soap and Formaldehyde-Treated Full-Fat Soybean in the Finisher Diet of Lambs on Growth Performance, Carcass Traits and Fatty Acid Profile. Agricultural Research. 6(4). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40003-017-0273-7
Debevere, S., D. Schatzmayr, N. Reisinger, M. Aleschko, G. Haesaert, M. Rychlik, S. Croubels, and V. Fievez. 2020. Evaluation of the efficacy of mycotoxin modifiers and mycotoxin binders by using an in vitro rumen model as a first screening tool. Toxins. 12(6): 405. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12060405
Enjalbert, F., S. Combes, A. Zened, & A. Meynadier. 2017. Rumen microbiota and dietary fat: a mutual shaping. Journal of applied microbiology, 123(4), 782-797. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.13501
Faradilla F., L.K. Nuswantara, M. Christiyanto, and M. Pangestu M. 2019. Kecernaan Bahan Kering, Bahan Organik, Lemak Kasar dan Total Digestible Nutrients Berbagai Hijauan secara In Vitro. Jurnal Litbang Provinsi Jawa Tengah. 17(2):185-193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36762/jurnaljateng.v17i2.798
Febrianti, A.N., I.W. Suardana, and I.N. Suarsana. 2016. Ketahanan Bakteri Asam Laktat (BAL) Isolat 9A Hasil Isolas dari Kolon Sapi Bali terhadap pH Rendah dan Natrium Deoksikolat (NaDC). Indonesia Medicus Veterinus. 5(5): 415-421.
Gallardo, B., P. Gómez-Cortés, A.R. Mantecón, M. Juárez, T. Manso, and M.A. De La Fuente. 2014. Effects of Olive and Fish Oil Ca Soaps in Ewe Diets on Milk Fat and Muscle and Subcutaneous Tissue Fatty-acid Profiles of Suckling Lambs. Animal. 8(7). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731114000238
Mayasari, E., B. Ayuningsih, and R. Hidayat. 2015. Pengaruh Penambahan Nitrogen dan Sulfur pada Ensilase Jerami Jagung Terhadap Kecernaan Bahan Kering dan Bahan Organik pada Sapi Potong (In Vitro). 4(3).
Mierlita, D. 2018. Effect of Diets Containing Essential Fatty Acids-rich Oil Calcium soaps on Functional Lipid Components of Lamb Tissues. Romanian Biotechnological Letters. 23(1).
Nurhaita, N., N. Definiati, and N. Hidayah. 2020. Karakteristik fermentabilitas dalam rumen in vitro pada Pelepah Sawit fermentasi yang disuplementasi tepung Kulit Jengkol. Jurnal Peternakan. 17(1): 39-44.
Palmquist, D.L. 1994. The Role of Dietary Fats in Efficiency of Ruminants. Journal of Nutrition. 124(8 SUPPL.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/124.suppl_8.1377S
Proaño, F., J. R. Stuart, L. Flores, M. Herrera, Y. Medina, & L. Sarduy. 2015. Evaluation of three saponification methods on two types of fat as protection against bovine ruminal degradation. Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, 49(1).
Purbowati, E., E. Rianto, W.S. Dilaga, C.M.S. Lestari, and R. Adiwinarti. 2014. Karakteristik cairan rumen, jenis, dan jumlah mikrobia dalam rumen sapi Jawa dan Peranakan Ongole. Buletin Peternakan. 38(1): 21-26.
Sarungallo, Z.L., P. Hariyadi, N. Andarwulan, and E.H. Purnomo. 2014. Pengaruh metode ekstraksi terhadap mutu kimia dan komposisi asam lemak minyak buah merah (Pandanus conoideus). Jurnal Teknologi Industri Pertanian. 24 (3):209-217.
Sholeha, R., and R. Agustini. 2021. Lipase biji-bijian dan karakteristiknya. Unesa Journal of Chemistry. 10(2): 168-183. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26740/ujc.v10n2.p168-183
Suprayitno, I., N. Humaidah, and D. Suryanto. 2020. Efektivitas Penambahan Mineral pada Pakan Terhadap Produksi Ternak Ruminansia. Jurnal Dinamika Rekasatwa. 3(2): 83-89.
Suryani, H., D.T. Marya, D.M. Sinaga, and N.A. Usman. 2023. Uji Daya Simpan Inokulum dan Ketahanan Lactobacillus plantarum terhadap pH Rendah sebagai Agensia Direct Fed Microbials untuk Ternak Ruminansia. PETERPAN (Jurnal Peternakan Terapan). 5(2): 82-87.
Toral, P. G., F. J. Monahan, G. Hervás, P. Frutos, & A. P. Moloney. 2018. Modulating ruminal lipid metabolism to improve the fatty acid composition of meat and milk. Challenges and opportunities. Animal, 12(s2), s272-s281. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/s1751731118001994