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Abstract
This study investigated the interactive effects of palm kernel cake (PKC) inclusion levels (10 and 20%) and enzyme supplementation (NSPase, protease, and mannanase) on the growth performance and nutrient efficiency of broiler chickens. A total of 720 male broilers were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments and 6 replicates per treatment with each treatment consisting of 30 chickens for 28 days in a completely randomized design. The parameters measured included feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), energy and protein intake, and their respective efficiencies (Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) and Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER)). Results showed that broilers fed diets with 10% PKC—both with and without enzyme supplementation—achieved significantly better final body weight, average daily gain (ADG), FCR, EER, and PER than those fed 20% PKC (P<0.05). Notably, enzyme supplementation improved nutrient utilization only at the 10% PKC level, while the 20% PKC inclusion led to reduced digestibility and performance, regardless of enzyme use (P<0.05). Feed, energy, and protein intake were not significantly different across treatments, indicating that variations in growth were primarily due to nutrient utilization efficiency (P>0.05). These findings suggest that a 10% PKC inclusion with or without enzymes optimizes broiler performance, while higher PKC levels may negate enzyme benefits due to increased fibre content.
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References
- Abdollahi, M. R., B. J. Hosking, D. Ning, and V. Ravindran. 2016. Influence of Palm Kernel Meal Inclusion and Exogenous Enzyme Supplementation on Growth Performance, Energy Utilization, and Nutrient Digestibility in Young Broilers. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. doi:10.5713/ajas.15.0224.
- Alshelmani, M. I., T. C. Loh, H. L. Foo, A. Q. Sazili, and W. H. Lau. 2017. Effect of Feeding Different Levels of Palm Kernel Cake Fermented by Paenibacillus Polymyxa ATCC 842 on Broiler Growth Performance, Blood Biochemistry, Carcass Characteristics, and Meat Quality. Anim Prod Sci. doi:10.1071/an15359.
- Attia, Y. A., F. Bovera, Abd. Hamid, A. E. Tag El‐Din, M. A. Al‐Harthi, and A. S. A. EL-SHAFY. 2015. Effect of Zinc Bacitracin and Phytase on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Carcass and Meat Traits of Broilers. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). doi:10.1111/jpn.12397.
- Azizi, M. N., T. C. Loh, H. L. Foo, and E. L. Teik Chung. 2021. Is Palm Kernel Cake a Suitable Alternative Feed Ingredient for Poultry? Animals. doi:10.3390/ani11020338.
- Chen, W., Y. Guo, Y. Q. Huang, Y. Shi, C. X. Zhang, and J.-W. Wang. 2012. Effect of Energy Restriction on Growth, Slaughter Performance,Serum Biochemical Parameters and Lpin2/Wdtc1/mRNA Expressionof Broilers in the Later Phase. J Poult Sci. doi:10.2141/jpsa.011001.
- Fafiolu, A. O., A. V Jegede, A. A. Teniola, I. D. Olarotimi, S. O. Odukoya, J. O. Alabi, and O. O. Oduguwa. 2020. Performance, Carcass Characteristic and Apparent Nutrient Digestibility of Broiler Chickens Fed Palm-Kernel Extraction by-Products. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production. doi:10.51791/njap.v42i1.842.
- Fereira, A. C., R. L. Oliveira, A. R. Bagaldo, G. G. Pinto Carvalho, R. N. Vaz S, and P. A. O. 2012. Intake, Digestibility and Intake Behaviour in Cattle Fed Different Levels of Palm Kernel Cake. Rev MVZ Cordoba. doi:10.21897/rmvz.208.
- Golshahi, A., M. Shams Shargh, B. Dastar, and E. Rahmatnejad. 2025. The effect of thymus vulgaris extract and probiotic on growth performance, blood parameters, intestinal morphology, and litter quality of broiler chickens fed low-protein diets. Poult Sci. 104:104554. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2024.104554. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032579124011325
- I. Wogar, G. S., A. A. Ayuk, and V. E. Ikpang. 2012. Determining the Optimum Combination of Palm Kernel Cake and Wheat Offal as Maintaining Ration for Matured Grasscutters (≪i>Thryonomus Swinderianus</I>). Global Journal of Agricultural Sciences. doi:10.4314/gjass.v11i1.8.
- Koranteng, A. A.-A., K. A. Gbogbo, B. Adjei‐Mensah, T. Bouassi, C. T. F. Aïna, J. Glago, and K. Tona. 2022. Impact of Palm Kernel Cake With or Without Multi-Blend Enzyme on the Growth Performance and Carcass Traits of Sasso Broilers. Int J Vet Sci Med. doi:10.1080/23144599.2022.2125735.
- Liu, S. Y., V. Naranjo, P. V Chrystal, J. Buyse, and P. H. Selle. 2019. Box-Behnken Optimisation of Growth Performance, Plasma Metabolites and Carcass Traits as Influenced by Dietary Energy, Amino Acid and Starch to Lipid Ratios in Broiler Chickens. PLoS One. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213875.
- Liu, S. Y., P. H. Selle, D. Raubenheimer, R. M. Gous, P. V Chrystal, D. J. Cadogan, S. J. Simpson, and A. J. Cowieson. 2017. Growth Performance, Nutrient Utilisation and Carcass Composition Respond to Dietary Protein Concentrations in Broiler Chickens but Responses Are Modified by Dietary Lipid Levels. British Journal of Nutrition. doi:10.1017/s0007114517002070.
- Mahardhika, B. P., M. Ridla, R. Mutia, S. Febriani, and A. M. Purbaya. 2023. The Evaluation of the Use of Jack Bean (Canavalia Ensiformis) and Protease Enzyme on the Broiler Diet With the Different Level of Protein. Livestock and Animal Research. doi:10.20961/lar.v21i2.63459.
- Okukpe, M. K., T. A. Aderibigde, and J. O. Atleh. 2019. Effect of Supplementation of Palm Kernel Cake (PKC) With Enzyme ≪em>Xylanase</Em> On Performances and Gut Microbiota of Broiler Chickens. Vidyodaya Journal of Science. doi:10.4038/vjs.v22i1.6061.
- Olukomaiya, O. O., C. Fernando, R. Mereddy, X. Li, and Y. Sultanbawa. 2019. Solid-State Fermented Plant Protein Sources in the Diets of Broiler Chickens: A Review. Animal Nutrition. doi:10.1016/j.aninu.2019.05.005.
- Pangesti, W. A., Nahrowi, W. Hermana, and A. Setiyono. 2023. Improvement of Nutritional Quality of Processed Palm Kernel Meal With Protease Enzyme as a Substitution for Rice Bran on Broiler Performance. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1286/1/012014.
- Pimentel, L. R., F. F. da Silva, R. R. Silva, A. F. Porto, E. G. Leite Costa, A. R. Schio, D. D. de Souza, E. S. de Rodrigues, G. M. da Silva, and M. De Almeida Menezes. 2018. Production Performance of Crossbred Dairy Cows Fed Palm Kernel Cake in Feedlots. Semin Cienc Agrar. doi:10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n5p2103.
- Saenphoom, P., J. B. Liang, Y. W. Ho, T. C. Loh, and R. Mohamad. 2013. Effects of Enzyme Treated Palm Kernel Expeller on Metabolizable Energy, Growth Performance, Villus Height and Digesta Viscosity in Broiler Chickens. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. doi:10.5713/ajas.2012.12463.
- Santos, L. V., R. R. Silva, F. F. Silva, J. W. D. Silva, D. S. Barroso, A. P. G. Silva, S. O. de Souza, and M. C. Santos. 2019. Increasing Levels of Palm Kernel Cake ( Elaeis Guineensis Jacq.) in Diets for Feedlot Cull Cows. Chil J Agric Res. doi:10.4067/s0718-58392019000400628.
- Wickramasuriya, S. S., S. P. Macelline, E. Kim, T. K. Shin, H. M. Cho, D. D. Jayasena, and J. M. Heo. 2022. Exogenous Emulsifiers and Multi-Enzyme Combination Improves Growth Performance of the Young Broiler Chickens Fed Low Energy Diets Containing Vegetable Oil. Anim Biosci. doi:10.5713/ab.22.0024.
References
Abdollahi, M. R., B. J. Hosking, D. Ning, and V. Ravindran. 2016. Influence of Palm Kernel Meal Inclusion and Exogenous Enzyme Supplementation on Growth Performance, Energy Utilization, and Nutrient Digestibility in Young Broilers. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. doi:10.5713/ajas.15.0224.
Alshelmani, M. I., T. C. Loh, H. L. Foo, A. Q. Sazili, and W. H. Lau. 2017. Effect of Feeding Different Levels of Palm Kernel Cake Fermented by Paenibacillus Polymyxa ATCC 842 on Broiler Growth Performance, Blood Biochemistry, Carcass Characteristics, and Meat Quality. Anim Prod Sci. doi:10.1071/an15359.
Attia, Y. A., F. Bovera, Abd. Hamid, A. E. Tag El‐Din, M. A. Al‐Harthi, and A. S. A. EL-SHAFY. 2015. Effect of Zinc Bacitracin and Phytase on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Carcass and Meat Traits of Broilers. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). doi:10.1111/jpn.12397.
Azizi, M. N., T. C. Loh, H. L. Foo, and E. L. Teik Chung. 2021. Is Palm Kernel Cake a Suitable Alternative Feed Ingredient for Poultry? Animals. doi:10.3390/ani11020338.
Chen, W., Y. Guo, Y. Q. Huang, Y. Shi, C. X. Zhang, and J.-W. Wang. 2012. Effect of Energy Restriction on Growth, Slaughter Performance,Serum Biochemical Parameters and Lpin2/Wdtc1/mRNA Expressionof Broilers in the Later Phase. J Poult Sci. doi:10.2141/jpsa.011001.
Fafiolu, A. O., A. V Jegede, A. A. Teniola, I. D. Olarotimi, S. O. Odukoya, J. O. Alabi, and O. O. Oduguwa. 2020. Performance, Carcass Characteristic and Apparent Nutrient Digestibility of Broiler Chickens Fed Palm-Kernel Extraction by-Products. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production. doi:10.51791/njap.v42i1.842.
Fereira, A. C., R. L. Oliveira, A. R. Bagaldo, G. G. Pinto Carvalho, R. N. Vaz S, and P. A. O. 2012. Intake, Digestibility and Intake Behaviour in Cattle Fed Different Levels of Palm Kernel Cake. Rev MVZ Cordoba. doi:10.21897/rmvz.208.
Golshahi, A., M. Shams Shargh, B. Dastar, and E. Rahmatnejad. 2025. The effect of thymus vulgaris extract and probiotic on growth performance, blood parameters, intestinal morphology, and litter quality of broiler chickens fed low-protein diets. Poult Sci. 104:104554. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2024.104554. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032579124011325
I. Wogar, G. S., A. A. Ayuk, and V. E. Ikpang. 2012. Determining the Optimum Combination of Palm Kernel Cake and Wheat Offal as Maintaining Ration for Matured Grasscutters (≪i>Thryonomus Swinderianus</I>). Global Journal of Agricultural Sciences. doi:10.4314/gjass.v11i1.8.
Koranteng, A. A.-A., K. A. Gbogbo, B. Adjei‐Mensah, T. Bouassi, C. T. F. Aïna, J. Glago, and K. Tona. 2022. Impact of Palm Kernel Cake With or Without Multi-Blend Enzyme on the Growth Performance and Carcass Traits of Sasso Broilers. Int J Vet Sci Med. doi:10.1080/23144599.2022.2125735.
Liu, S. Y., V. Naranjo, P. V Chrystal, J. Buyse, and P. H. Selle. 2019. Box-Behnken Optimisation of Growth Performance, Plasma Metabolites and Carcass Traits as Influenced by Dietary Energy, Amino Acid and Starch to Lipid Ratios in Broiler Chickens. PLoS One. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213875.
Liu, S. Y., P. H. Selle, D. Raubenheimer, R. M. Gous, P. V Chrystal, D. J. Cadogan, S. J. Simpson, and A. J. Cowieson. 2017. Growth Performance, Nutrient Utilisation and Carcass Composition Respond to Dietary Protein Concentrations in Broiler Chickens but Responses Are Modified by Dietary Lipid Levels. British Journal of Nutrition. doi:10.1017/s0007114517002070.
Mahardhika, B. P., M. Ridla, R. Mutia, S. Febriani, and A. M. Purbaya. 2023. The Evaluation of the Use of Jack Bean (Canavalia Ensiformis) and Protease Enzyme on the Broiler Diet With the Different Level of Protein. Livestock and Animal Research. doi:10.20961/lar.v21i2.63459.
Okukpe, M. K., T. A. Aderibigde, and J. O. Atleh. 2019. Effect of Supplementation of Palm Kernel Cake (PKC) With Enzyme ≪em>Xylanase</Em> On Performances and Gut Microbiota of Broiler Chickens. Vidyodaya Journal of Science. doi:10.4038/vjs.v22i1.6061.
Olukomaiya, O. O., C. Fernando, R. Mereddy, X. Li, and Y. Sultanbawa. 2019. Solid-State Fermented Plant Protein Sources in the Diets of Broiler Chickens: A Review. Animal Nutrition. doi:10.1016/j.aninu.2019.05.005.
Pangesti, W. A., Nahrowi, W. Hermana, and A. Setiyono. 2023. Improvement of Nutritional Quality of Processed Palm Kernel Meal With Protease Enzyme as a Substitution for Rice Bran on Broiler Performance. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1286/1/012014.
Pimentel, L. R., F. F. da Silva, R. R. Silva, A. F. Porto, E. G. Leite Costa, A. R. Schio, D. D. de Souza, E. S. de Rodrigues, G. M. da Silva, and M. De Almeida Menezes. 2018. Production Performance of Crossbred Dairy Cows Fed Palm Kernel Cake in Feedlots. Semin Cienc Agrar. doi:10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n5p2103.
Saenphoom, P., J. B. Liang, Y. W. Ho, T. C. Loh, and R. Mohamad. 2013. Effects of Enzyme Treated Palm Kernel Expeller on Metabolizable Energy, Growth Performance, Villus Height and Digesta Viscosity in Broiler Chickens. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. doi:10.5713/ajas.2012.12463.
Santos, L. V., R. R. Silva, F. F. Silva, J. W. D. Silva, D. S. Barroso, A. P. G. Silva, S. O. de Souza, and M. C. Santos. 2019. Increasing Levels of Palm Kernel Cake ( Elaeis Guineensis Jacq.) in Diets for Feedlot Cull Cows. Chil J Agric Res. doi:10.4067/s0718-58392019000400628.
Wickramasuriya, S. S., S. P. Macelline, E. Kim, T. K. Shin, H. M. Cho, D. D. Jayasena, and J. M. Heo. 2022. Exogenous Emulsifiers and Multi-Enzyme Combination Improves Growth Performance of the Young Broiler Chickens Fed Low Energy Diets Containing Vegetable Oil. Anim Biosci. doi:10.5713/ab.22.0024.