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Abstract
Mastery of number concepts is a crucial foundation for cognitive development in early childhood, but is often hindered by learning methods that are often abstract and monotonous. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the Mathematical Intelligence Stick media in improving number symbol recognition skills in 5-6 year old children at Harapan Bunda Kindergarten. This study applied a quantitative approach with a Pre-Experimental One Group Pretest-Posttest design, involving 15 children selected through saturated sampling techniques. The findings showed a substantial improvement, with the average score of children's abilities increasing sharply from 12.73 in the pretest to 20.46 in the posttest. Effect size analysis using Cohen's d yielded a value of 2.64, indicating a powerful effect. This indicates that the integration of manipulative sticks successfully bridges children's understanding from the enactive to the symbolic level, while stimulating fine motor skills. This study concludes that the Mathematical Intelligence Stick is an effective pedagogical tool for fostering concrete, interactive, and meaningful mathematics learning in early childhood
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Copyright (c) 1970 Ani Sartika Sari

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References
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- Zhang, X., Räsänen, P., Koponen, T., Aunola, K., Lerkkanen, M. K., & Nurmi, J. E. (2020). Knowing, applying, and reasoning about arithmetic: Roles of domain-general and numerical skills in multiple domains of arithmetic learning. Developmental Psychology, 56(3), 484–500. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000864
References
Chandratika, I. (2025). Effectiveness of Moringa Extract Liquid Supplement on Increasing Children’s Appetite in the Cerdas and Insani Playgroup. Jurnal Gizi Dan Teknologi Pangan : Nutrismart, 1(1), 36–51. https://doi.org/10.64146/3483vp48
Clements, D. H., & Sarama, J. (2014). Learning and teaching early math: The learning trajectories approach. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203883389
Clements, D. H., & Sarama, J. (2021). Learning and Teaching Early Math: The Learning Trajectories Approach (3rd ed.). Routledge.
Daryati, M. (2025). The Effectiveness of Interactive Learning Media in Improving Early Childhood Numeracy Skills. JURNAL PENA PAUD, 6(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.33369/jpp.v6i1.41166
Dyson, N. I., Jordan, N. C., & Glutting, J. (2013). A number sense intervention for low-income kindergartners at risk for mathematics difficulties. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 46(2), 166–181. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022219411410233
Eka Daryati, M., & Sadiana, M. (2025). The Influence of Cooking Activities on the Introduction of Healthy Food for Early Childhood Education. HealthSmart: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat, 1(1), 14–26. https://doi.org/10.64146/1js56e90
Fadillah, & Suryadi, D. (2025). The Relationship Between Parenting Patterns and Balanced Nutritional Intake with Nutritional Status of Young Children. HealthSmart: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat, 1(1), 52–65. https://doi.org/10.64146/7g6t1b06
Göbel, S. M., Watson, S. E., Lervåg, A., & Hulme, C. (2014). Children’s arithmetic development: It is number knowledge, not the approximate number sense, that counts. Psychological Science, 25(3), 789–798. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613516471
Hornburg, C. B., Schmitt, S. A., & Purpura, D. J. (2018). Relations between preschoolers’ mathematical language understanding and specific numeracy skills. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 176, 84–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2018.07.005
Howard-Jones, P. A. (2014). Neuroscience and education: Myths and messages. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 15(12), 817–824. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3817
Kurniati, E., Nur Alfaeni, D. K., & Andriani, F. (2021). Analisis Peran Orang Tua Dalam Mendampingi Anak di Masa Pandemi Covid-19. Obsesi: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 5(1), 241–256. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v5il.541
Laski, E. V, Jor’dan, J. R., Daoust, C., & Murray, A. K. (2015). What makes mathematics manipulatives effective? Lessons from cognitive science and Montessori education. SAGE Open, 5(2), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244015589588
Masniladevi, M., Anggraini, V., & Murni, A. (2020). Meningkatkan kemampuan kognitif anak melalui media balok angka di taman kanak-kanak. Jurnal Pendidikan Tambusai, 4(3), 2539–2549. https://doi.org/10.31004/jptam.v4i3.737
Maulina, A. Q., Habibi, M., Rachmayani, I., & Suarta, I. N. (2024). Meningkatkan Kemampuan Mengenal Lambang Bilangan Melalui Penggunaan Kartu Angka Dan Kartu Gambar Pada Anak Usia Dini. Pendas: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dasar, 9(3), 392–400. https://doi.org/10.23969/jp.v9i3.12876
Merkley, R., & Ansari, D. (2016). Why numerical symbols count in the development of mathematical skills. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 10, 14–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.04.006
Mix, K. S. (2019). Why are spatial skill and mathematics related? Child Development Perspectives, 13(2), 121–126. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12323
Nguyen, T., Watts, T. W., Duncan, G. J., Clements, D. H., Sarama, J., Wolfe, C., & Spitler, M. (2016). Which preschool mathematics competencies are most predictive of fifth grade achievement? Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 36, 550–560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2016.02.003
Novianti, R., & Garzia, M. (2020). Penggunaan Gadget Pada Anak; Tantangan Baru Orang Tua Milenial. Jurnal Obsesi Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v4i2.490
Peltier, C., & Vannest, K. J. (2018). Using the concrete representational abstract (CRA) instructional framework for mathematics with students with emotional and behavioral disorders. Preventing School Failure, 62(2), 73–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/1045988X.2017.1354809
Pitchford, N. J., Papini, C., Outhwaite, L. A., & Gulliford, A. (2016). Fine motor skills predict maths ability better than reading ability. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 783. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00783
Purpura, D. J., Baroody, A. J., & Lonigan, C. J. (2013). The transition from informal to formal mathematical knowledge: Mediation by numeral knowledge. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105(2), 453. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031753
Purpura, D. J., Schmitt, S. A., & Ganley, C. M. (2017). Foundations of mathematics and literacy: The role of executive functioning. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 153, 15–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2016.08.010
Puspitasari, E., & Rakimahwati, R. (2021). Pengembangan media flashcard untuk meningkatkan kemampuan mengenal konsep bilangan anak usia dini. Jurnal Obsesi: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 6(2), 1045–1054. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v6i2.1672
Ramani, G. B., & Siegler, R. S. (2014). How informal learning activities can promote children’s numerical knowledge. In R. Cohen Kadosh & A. Dowker (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of numerical cognition (pp. 1135–1154). Oxford University Press.
Shearer, C. B., & Karanian, J. M. (2017). The neuroscience of intelligence: Empirical support for the theory of multiple intelligences? Trends in Neuroscience and Education, 6, 211–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tine.2017.02.002
Szűcs, D., Devine, A., Soltesz, F., Nobes, A., & Gabriel, F. (2013). Developmental dyscalculia is related to visuo-spatial memory and inhibition impairment. Cortex, 49(10), 2674–2688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2013.06.007
Verdine, B. N., Golinkoff, R. M., Hirsh-Pasek, K., Newcombe, N. S., Filipowicz, A. T., & Chang, A. (2014). Deconstructing building blocks: Preschoolers’ spatial assembly performance relates to early mathematical skills. Child Development, 85(3), 1062–1076. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12165
Vogt, F., Hauser, B., Stebler, R., Rechsteiner, K., & Urech, C. (2018). Learning through play–pedagogy and learning outcomes in early childhood mathematics. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 26(4), 589–603. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2018.1487160
Zhang, X., Räsänen, P., Koponen, T., Aunola, K., Lerkkanen, M. K., & Nurmi, J. E. (2020). Knowing, applying, and reasoning about arithmetic: Roles of domain-general and numerical skills in multiple domains of arithmetic learning. Developmental Psychology, 56(3), 484–500. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000864