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Abstract
Various human activities have caused the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHG) such as CO2, CH4, and N2O in the earth's atmosphere to increase, which has an impact on increasing global temperatures and has led to the climate crisis. To reduce GHG emissions, countries that ratified the Paris Agreement set targets to be achieved as Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC). The Paris Agreement must be integrated into diplomatic practice as climate diplomacy. The method used in this research is qualitative-descriptive analysis. The data used were reports from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and Indonesia's contribution to the NDC document. The research results showed that 1) Global warming had caused a climate crisis so that it has become a threat to the survival of life; 2) Indonesia's contribution in reducing the rate of global warming through NDC had not been able to reach the target of 29% with its own efforts or 41% with assistance and cooperation; and 3) Climate diplomacy, which is expected as an effort to reduce the climate crisis, was not easy to carry out. The obstacle to implementing climate diplomacy is that each country has its own interests.
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Copyright (c) 2024 Adi Subiyanto
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
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References
Aldrian E, Karmini M, Budiman B. (2011). Adaptasi Dan Mitigasi Perubahan Iklim di Indonesia. Pusat Perubahan Iklim dan Kualitas Udara, Kedeputian Bidang Klimatologi, Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika.
Augustyn AM, Sarno GS, Ciparisse ME. (2022). Boosting international subnational climate diplomacy ahead of COP27 and COP28. European Union and the Committee of the Regions. http://www.europa.eu
Barrett, Scott. (2022). Climate Change Diplomacy: a most dangerous game. UK: London School of Economics and Political Science (Online). Available at: https://www.lse.ac.uk/Events/2022/05/202205171830SZT/climate (Accessed: 29 December 2024)
Crutzen P & Stoermer E. (2000). The Anthropocene. Global Change Newsletter, 41, hlm. 17
Dimitrov, R. (2016). The Paris Agreement on Climate Change: Behind Closed Doors. Global Environmental Politics, 16, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1162/GLEP_a_00361.
Djalal, DP. (2021). Diplomasi Perubahan Iklim Indonesia. Available at: https://www.kompas.id/baca/opini/2021/01/25/diplomasi-perubahan-iklim_indonesia?status=sukses_login&status_login=login (Accessed: 14 December 2022)
Haas, P. (2008). Climate Change Governance After Bali. Global Environmental Politics, 8, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1162/glep.2008.8.3.1
Imelda H & Soejachmoen MH. (2023). Mengenal Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC). Jakarta: Indonesia Research Institute for Decarbonization (IRID). Available at: https://irid.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/NDC_29JUN-FINAL.pdf (Accessed: 19 January 2024)
[IPCC] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2007). Climate Change: The Scientific Basis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
[IPCC] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2018). Summary for Policymakers. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge
[IPCC] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2022). Climate Change: The Scientific Basis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[Kemenkopolhukam] Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Politik, Hukum, dan Keamanan. (2022). Pesan Mangrove Indonesia di G20: Atasi Krisis Iklim (Online). Available at: https://polkam.go.id/pesan-mangrove-indonesia-di-g20-atasi-krisis-iklim/ (Accessed: 20 January 2024)
Ki-Moon, Ban. (2011). Remarks at "Momentum for Change" Initiative. New York: Secretary-General, United Nations.
[KLHK] Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan. (2023). Menteri LHK: Tata Batas Kawasan Hutan Selesai Tahun Ini!. Available at: https://ppid.menlhk.go.id/berita/siaran-pers/7017/menteri-lhk-tata-batas-kawasan-hutan-selesai-tahun-ini (Accessed: 19 January 2024)
Mabey, N. (2013). Understanding Climate Diplomacy: Building diplomatic capacity and systems to avoid dangerous climate change. London: E3G.
Narbuko, C & Ahmadi, A. (2015). Metode Penelitian: Suatu Pendekatan Proposal. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara.
Pereira, D. (2015). Environmental security: An Introduction. London: Routledge.
Rockström J, Kevin JN, Persson A, Chapin FS. (2009). A safe operating space for humanity. Nature Vol 461 (24), pp: 472-475
Steffen W, Crutzen PJ, Mcneill J. (2007). The Anthropocene: Are Humans Now Overwhelming the Great Forces of Nature?. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 36 (8),
Sugiyono. (2010). Metode Penelitian Pendidikan: Pendekatan Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Turchyn, Y & Ivasechko, O. (2019). Climate diplomacy as a complex of “soft power” of modern states: international experience and Ukrainian prospects. Humanitarian vision. https://doi.org/10.23939/SHV2018.02.020.
Undang-Undang Nomor 31 Tahun 2009 tentang Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika
Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2016 tentang Pengesahan Paris Agreement to The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Persetujuan Paris Atas Konvensi Kerangka Kerja Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa mengenai Perubahan Iklim).
[UNFCCC] United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. (1992). Article 2 – Objective. Available at: https://unfccc.int/resource/ccsites/zimbab/conven/text/art02.htm (Accessed: 19 January 2024)
[WEF] World Economic Forum. (2020). The Global Risks Report 2020 - 15th Edition. In partnership with Marsh & McLennan and Zurich Insurance Group. Available at: https://www.weforum.org/publications/the-global-risks-report-2020/ (Accessed: 20 January 2024)