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Abstract
The learning problems in early childhood in Indonesia that are currently faced are increasingly complex, not only from the pedagogical side of teachers but also faced with low mathematical literacy learning outcomes. Therefore, in early childhood learning, it is necessary to design a cooperative model with ICT media that can answer the challenges of the needs of the times. The purpose study is to measure the influence of cooperative learning with the help of ICT media on the improvement of mathematical literacy skills in children. This study is a quasi-experimental research with treatment by level 2x2 factorial Nonequivalence Posttest-Only Control Design, using mixed methods such as interviews and observations. Based on intensive processes and observations, the findings of this study show that the cooperative model with ICT media affects children's mathematical literacy skills. This is proven by the results of the ANAVA test obtained Fcount = 7.437 < Ftable = 161 and a significance value of 0.008 < 0.05, then it is concluded that there is a difference in the results and the results of the t-test show the acquisition of a score tcount = 23.662 with df = 87, so that ttable = 1.98761, tcount ttable With the results of 23,662 > 1.9796, the literacy ability of children who were given the cooperative model treatment was higher than that of the group who were taught with the conventional learning model.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Awalia Nor Ramadan, R Sri Martini Meilanie, Wardani Rahayu

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References
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- Usmadi, U., Hasanah, H., & Ergusni, E. (2020). The Impact of the Implementation Three-Step Interview Cooperative Learning Model in Mathematics Learning Toward the Learners’ Activities and Outcomes. Malikussaleh Journal of Mathematics Learning (MJML), 3(1). https://doi.org/10.29103/mjml.v3i1.2447
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References
Barenthien, J., Lindner, M. A., Ziegler, T., & Steffensky, M. (2020). Exploring preschool teachers’ science-specific knowledge. Early Years, 40(3). https://doi.org/10.1080/09575146.2018.1443321
Blackley, S., Rahmawati, Y., Fitriani, E., Sheffield, R., & Koul, R. (2018). Using a makerspace approach to engage Indonesian primary students with STEM. Issues in Educational Research, 28(1).
Duncan, G. J., Dowsett, C. J., Claessens, A., Magnuson, K., Huston, A. C., Klebanov, P., Pagani, L. S., Feinstein, L., Engel, M., Brooks-Gunn, J., Sexton, H., Duckworth, K., & Japel, C. (2007). School Readiness and Later Achievement. Developmental Psychology, 43(6). https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.6.1428
Fu, J. S., & Technology, C. (2013). ICT in Education: A Critical Literature Review and Its Implications Jo Shan Fu. International Journal of Education and Development Using Information and Communication Technology, 9(1).
Halberda, J., Mazzocco, M. M. M., & Feigenson, L. (2008). Individual differences in non-verbal number acuity correlate with maths achievement. Nature, 455(7213). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07246
Klibanoff, R. S., Levine, S. C., Huttenlocher, J., Vasilyeva, M., & Hedges, L. V. (2006). Preschool children’s mathematical knowledge: The effect of teacher “math talk.” Developmental Psychology, 42(1). https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.1.59
Levine, S. C., Suriyakham, L. W., Rowe, M. L., Huttenlocher, J., & Gunderson, E. A. (2010). What counts in the development of young children’s number knowledge? Developmental Psychology, 46(5). https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019671
Liska, F., Tiara, V., & Barella, Y. (2024). Menyelami Tren Populasi Dunia: Fakta, Angka, dan Implikasinya. SOSIAL: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan IPS, 2(3), 01-07.
Mazur, A. D., Brown, B., & Jacobsen, M. (2015). Learning designs using flipped classroom instruction. Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology, 41(2).
Nguyen, T., Watts, T. W., Duncan, G. J., Clements, D. H., Sarama, J. S., Wolfe, C., & Spitler, M. E. (2016). Which preschool mathematics competencies are most predictive of fifth grade achievement? Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2016.02.003
Nikolopoulou, K. (2020). Preschool Teachers’ Practices of ICT-Supported Early Language and Mathematics. Creative Education, 11(10). https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2020.1110149
Novita, R., & Herman, T. (2021). Digital technology in learning mathematical literacy, can it helpful? Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1776(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1776/1/012027
Nurjanah, N. E., & Mukarromah, T. T. (2021). Pembelajaran Berbasis Media Digital pada Anak Usia Dini di Era Revolusi Industri 4.0: Studi Literatur [Digital Media-Based Learning in Early Childhood in the Industrial Revolution Era 4.0: Literature Study]. Jurnal Ilmiah Potensia, 6(1).
OECD. (2018). PISA for Development Assessment and Analytical Framework: Reading, Mathematics and Science. In OECD Publishing (Vol. 1, Issue 1).
Omaga, J. F., & Alieto, E. O. (2019). Teaching Literacy Through Play: Perspective from Filipino Early Childhood Teachers. In Sci.Int.(Lahore) (Vol. 31, Issue 3).
Pereira, S., Rodrigues, M. J., & Vieira, R. M. (2020). Scientific literacy in the early years–practical work as a teaching and learning strategy. Early Child Development and Care, 190(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2019.1653553
Rakhmawati, N. I. S., Mardliyah, S., Fitri, R., Darni, D., & Laksono, K. (2021). Pengembangan Learning Management System (LMS) di Era Pandemi Covid-19 pada Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini [Development of Learning Management System (LMS) in the Era of Covid-19 Pandemic in Early Childhood Education]. Jurnal Obsesi : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v6i1.991
Ramani, G. B., Rowe, M. L., Eason, S. H., & Leech, K. A. (2015). Math Talk During Informal Learning Activities in Head Start Families. Cognitive Development, 35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2014.11.002
Rejeki, S. (2012). Meningkatkan kemampuan pemahaman konsep bilangan dengan media gambar melalui model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe struktural mencari pasangan pada anak kelompok a paud puri mandiri sragen [Improving the ability to understand the concept of numbers using picture media through the structural type cooperative learning model of looking for partners in group A children at Paud Puri Mandiri Sragen].
Segundo Marcos, R. I., López Ferández, V., Daza González, M. T., & Phillips-Silver, J. (2020). Promoting children’s creative thinking through reading and writing in a cooperative learning classroom. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2020.100663
Segundo-Marcos, R., Carrillo, A. M., Fernández, V. L., & Daza González, M. T. (2023). Age-related changes in creative thinking during late childhood: The contribution of cooperative learning. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2023.101331
Segundo-Marcos, R., Carrillo, A. M., Fernández, V. L., & González, M. T. D. (2022). Development of executive functions in late childhood and the mediating role of cooperative learning: A longitudinal study. Cognitive Development, 63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2022.101219
Setianingrum, I., & Azizah, N. (2021). Teams Games Tournament untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Mengenal Lambang Bilangan pada Anak Usia Dini [Teams Games Tournament to Improve Number Symbol Recognition Skills in Early Childhood]. Jurnal Obsesi : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v6i1.1268
Silvia, E. F., & Rakhmawati, N. I. S. (2021). Analisis Kompetensi Pedagogik Guru Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini Tersertifikasi Terhadap Minat Belajar Anak Selama Pandemi [Analysis of Pedagogical Competence of Certified Early Childhood Education Teachers on Children's Learning Interests During the Pandemic]. Jurnal Ilmiah Pesona PAUD, 8(1).
Skwarchuk, S. L., Sowinski, C., & LeFevre, J. A. (2014). Formal and informal home learning activities in relation to children’s early numeracy and literacy skills: The development of a home numeracy model. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 121(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2013.11.006
Usmadi, U., Hasanah, H., & Ergusni, E. (2020). The Impact of the Implementation Three-Step Interview Cooperative Learning Model in Mathematics Learning Toward the Learners’ Activities and Outcomes. Malikussaleh Journal of Mathematics Learning (MJML), 3(1). https://doi.org/10.29103/mjml.v3i1.2447
Vatanartiran, S., & Karadeniz, S. (2020). A Needs Analysis for Technology Integration Plan: Challenges and Needs of Teachers. Contemporary Educational Technology, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/6150
Wulansuci, G., Hunafa Lestari, R., & Munggaraning Westhisi, S. (2022). Pemahaman Guru PAUD Terhadap Stress Akademik Pada Anak Usia Dini [Preschool Teachers' Understanding of Academic Stress in Early Childhood]. Golden Age: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.29313/ga:jpaud.v6i1.9714