Main Article Content
Abstract
Production of carbohydrate-based bioethanol using raw materials derived from starch requires pre-processing. The pretreatment and hydrolysis process of sorghum grains from various sorghum varieties has not been extensively studied in the context of fermenting sorghum into bioethanol. The purpose of the research is to obtain the fermentation conditions so that the bioethanol yield was optimal and could also produce other useful products. The research employed an experimental design, and process efficiency was evaluated based on parameters such as Sugar Consumption Ratio (SCR) and Fermentation Ratio (FR). The concentration of the glucoamylase enzyme was set at 0.2% relative to the total solid (TS) content. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain Hakken I was used at a concentration of 10% of the fermentation volume. Additional nutrients included NPK (0,012) and Urea (0,072 %). The liquefaction process occurred at temperatures between 80-90°C for one hour, followed by saccharification at temperatures between 55-60°C for two hours. Fermentation was conducted at temperatures ranging from 28-32°C for a duration of 60 hours. The results revealed that the total sugar content (TS) of the raw materials ranged from 69% to 73% for several sorghum varieties tested. The Sorghum Numbu variety exhibited the highest TS value at 72,81%. Furthermore, the highest process efficiency was achieved with the Numbu sorghum variety, yielding an FR of 86,69% and an SCR of 87,39%.
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Copyright (c) 2023 Arni Supriyanti, Yanuar Sigit Pramana, Palupi Tri Widiyanti, Karyawan Pudjianto

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References
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- Axelsson, J. (2011). Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation of Pretreated Spruce. Linköping University.
- Bassey, J. B., Odesola, I. F., & Olawuyi, J. A. (2022). A Comparative Technique for Performance Evaluation of Hammer Mill and Disk Mill in Yam Flour Processing. World Journal of Engineering and Technology, 10(03), 613–625. https://doi.org/10 .4236/wjet.2022.103040
- Dyartantia E. R., Margono, Pronolo, S. H., Setiani, B., & Nurhayati, A. (2015). Bioethanol from sorghum grain (Sorghum bicolor) with SSF reaction using biocatalyst co-immobilization method of glucoamylase and yeast. Energy Procedia, 68, 132–137.
- Esther, F., Bonita, Yenie Elvie, & Muria, S. R. (2016). Produksi Bioetanol Dari Pati Sorgum Dengan Penambahan Tween 80 dan Ekstrak Cordyceps Sinensis Mycelium: Variasi Konsentrasi Inokulum. Jurnal Online Mahasiswa Fakultas Teknik Universitas Riau, 3(1) 1-8.
- Haryani, K., Handayani, H. N. A., Harles, H., & Putri, S. A. (2021). Pengaruh Konsentrasi Pati dan Yeast pada Pembuatan Etanol dari Pati Sorgum Melalui Proses Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) dan Separated Hydrolysis Fermentation (SHF). Jurnal Rekayasa Mesin, 16(2), 133–139.
- Hidayat, C. (2021). Review: Penggunaan Sorgum sebagai Bahan Pakan Sumber Energi Pengganti Jagung dalam Ransum Ayam Pedaging. Jurnal Peternakan Indonesia, 23(3), 262–275. DOI:10.25077/jpi .23.3.262-275.2021
- Hidayat, M. R. (2013). Teknologi Pretreatment Bahan Lignoselulosa Dalam Proses Produksi Bioetanol. Biopropal Industri, 4(1), 33–48.
- Jeevanandhan, S., & Ganesh, D. (2017). Production of Bioethanol from Sweet Sorghum. International. Journal of Advanced Research in Civil, Structural, Environmental and Infrastructure Engineering and Developing. 3(1), 482-487.
- Kurniadi, M., Andriani, M., Faturohman, F., & Damayanti, E. (2013). Karakteristik Fisikokimia Tepung Biji Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) Terfermentasi Bakteri Asam Laktat Lactobacilllus acidophilus. AgriTECH, 33(3), 288-295
- Lina, E. C., & Martius, W. S. (2020). Sosialisasi Potensi Beberapa Varietas Sorgum Sebagai Bahan Baku Makanan Olahan. Jurnal Ilmiah Pengembangan Dan Penerapan Ipteks, 27(No.3), 165–172.
- Malherbe, S. J. M., Cripwell, R. A., Favaro, L., van Zyl, W. H., & Viljoen-Bloom, M. (2023). Triticale and sorghum as feedstock for bioethanol production via consolidated bioprocessing. Renewable Energy, 206, 498–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.02.047
- Maulana, M., & Azis, M. (2016). Kinerja dan Prospek Pengembangan Bahan Bakar Nabati di Indonesia. Forum Penelitian Agro Ekonomi, 30(2), 147. https://doi.org/10.21082/fae.v 3 0n2.2012.147-158
- Nasution, Elmadani., Setiawati, V. Rori. , & Nairfana, I. (2021). Pengaruh Lama Fermentasi Terhadap Mutu Organoleptik, Tingkat Keasaman (Ph) Dan Tingkat Kemanisan Tape Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). Food and Agroindustry Journal, 2(2), 53–61.
- Nofita, D., & Dewangga, R. (2021). Optimasi Perbandingan Pelarut Etanol Air Terhadap Kadar Tanin pada Daun Matoa (Pometia pinnata J.R & G. Forst ) Secara Spektrofotometri. Chimica et Nature Acta, 9(3), 102–106. https://doi.org/DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.24198/cna.v9.n3.36768
- Novriandi, R., Yenie, E., & Muria, S. R. (2016). Produksi Bioetanol Dari Pati Sorgum Dengan Variasi Penambahan Cordyceps Sinensis Dan Waktu Fermentasi. Jom FTEKNIK, 3(2), 1-6.
- Rustiaty, B. (2018). Optimasi Proses Hidrolisis Biji Sorgum untuk Fermentasi Bioetanol dan Pemanfaatan Komponen Padatnya. Jurnal Balitbanda Lampung, 6(2), 157-178.
- Selle, P. H., Moss, A. F., Truong, H. H., Khoddami, A., Cadogan, D. J., Godwin, I. D., & Liu, S. Y. (2018). Outlook: Sorghum as a feed grain for Australian chicken-meat production. Animal Nutrition, 4(1), 17–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ani nu.2017.08.007
- Setiarto, R. H. B., Widhyastuti, N., & Saskiawan, I. (2017). Pengaruh Fermentasi Fungi, Bakteri Asam Laktat dan Khamir terhadap Kualitas Nutrisi Tepung Sorgum (Effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria, Fungi and Yeast Fermentation on Nutritional Quality of Sorghum Flour). Agritech, 36(4), 440. https://doi.org/10.22146/agritech.16769
- Sinta, A. G., Kolaka, L., & Damhuri, D. (2022). KARAKTERISASI SORGUM (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) Aksesi Badong Asal Desa Amonggedo, Kecamatan Amonggedo, Kabupaten Konawe. Ampibi: Jurnal Alumni Pendidikan Biologi, 7(3), 99. https://doi.org/10. 36709/ampibi.v7i3.25043
- Suarni, S. (2017). Peranan Sifat Fisikokimia Sorgum dalam Diversifikasi Pangan dan Industri serta Prospek Pengembangannya. Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian, 35(3), 99. https://doi.org/10.21082/jp3.v3 5n3.2016.p99-110
- Subagio, H., & Suryawati. (2013). Sorgum Inovasi Teknologi dan Pengembangan (Sumarno, D. S. Damardjati, M. Syam, & Hermanto, Eds.). IAARD Press.
- Szambelan, K., Nowak, J., Szwengiel, A., & Jeleń, H. (2020). Comparison of sorghum and maize raw distillates: Factors affecting ethanol efficiency and volatile by-product profile. Journal of Cereal Science, 91, 102863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.j cs.2019.102863
- Wulandari, E., Sihombing, F. S. P., Sukarminah, E., & Sunyoto, M. (2019). Karakterisasi Sifat Fungsional Isolat Protein Biji Sorgum Merah (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) Varietas Lokal Bandung. Chimica et Natura Acta, 7(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.24198/c na.v7.n1.19683
- Xiao, M.-Zhao., Sun, Qian., Hong, Si., Chen, W.-Jing., Pang, Bo., Du, Z.-Yan., Yang, W. Bin., Sun, Zhuohua., & Yuan, T. Q. (2021). Sweet sorghum for phytoremediation and bioethanol production. Journal of Leather Science and Engineering, 2(32), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42825 -021-00074-z
- Yusra, S., & Putri, E. (2023). Karakteristik Fisikokimia Tepung Sorgum (Sorghum bicolor L.) Varietas Lokal Merah dengan Fermentasi Spontan. JURNAL AGROTEKNO-LOGI, 16(02), 163. https://doi.or g/10.19184/jagt.v16i02.35046
- Zadha, H., Raharjo W. (2013). ISolasi Dekstrin dari Pati Sorgum dengan Proses Hidrolisa Parsial. Menggunakan Enzim α-Amilase. Jurnal Teknologi Kimia dan Industri 2(2), 116 -121.
- Zubair, A. (2018). SORGUM- Tanaman Multi Manfaat (A. Zubair, Ed.; 2Edition ed.). Unpad Press.
References
Arif, A. B., Budiyanto, A., Diyono, W., & Richana, N. (2018). Optimasi Waktu Fermentasi Produksi Bioetanol Dari Dedak Sorghum Manis (Sorghum Bicolor L) Melalui Proses Enzimatis. Jurnal Penelitian Pascapanen Pertanian, 14(2), 67. https://doi.org/10.21082/ jpasca.v14n2.2017.67-78
Avif, A. N., & Oktaviana T. D, A. (2021). Analisis Sifat Kimia Tepung Dan Pati Sorgum Dari Varietas Bioguma Dan Lokal di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur, Indonesia. Lantanida Journal, 8(2), 178. https://doi.org/10.22373/lj.v8i2.8120
Axelsson, J. (2011). Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation of Pretreated Spruce. Linköping University.
Bassey, J. B., Odesola, I. F., & Olawuyi, J. A. (2022). A Comparative Technique for Performance Evaluation of Hammer Mill and Disk Mill in Yam Flour Processing. World Journal of Engineering and Technology, 10(03), 613–625. https://doi.org/10 .4236/wjet.2022.103040
Dyartantia E. R., Margono, Pronolo, S. H., Setiani, B., & Nurhayati, A. (2015). Bioethanol from sorghum grain (Sorghum bicolor) with SSF reaction using biocatalyst co-immobilization method of glucoamylase and yeast. Energy Procedia, 68, 132–137.
Esther, F., Bonita, Yenie Elvie, & Muria, S. R. (2016). Produksi Bioetanol Dari Pati Sorgum Dengan Penambahan Tween 80 dan Ekstrak Cordyceps Sinensis Mycelium: Variasi Konsentrasi Inokulum. Jurnal Online Mahasiswa Fakultas Teknik Universitas Riau, 3(1) 1-8.
Haryani, K., Handayani, H. N. A., Harles, H., & Putri, S. A. (2021). Pengaruh Konsentrasi Pati dan Yeast pada Pembuatan Etanol dari Pati Sorgum Melalui Proses Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) dan Separated Hydrolysis Fermentation (SHF). Jurnal Rekayasa Mesin, 16(2), 133–139.
Hidayat, C. (2021). Review: Penggunaan Sorgum sebagai Bahan Pakan Sumber Energi Pengganti Jagung dalam Ransum Ayam Pedaging. Jurnal Peternakan Indonesia, 23(3), 262–275. DOI:10.25077/jpi .23.3.262-275.2021
Hidayat, M. R. (2013). Teknologi Pretreatment Bahan Lignoselulosa Dalam Proses Produksi Bioetanol. Biopropal Industri, 4(1), 33–48.
Jeevanandhan, S., & Ganesh, D. (2017). Production of Bioethanol from Sweet Sorghum. International. Journal of Advanced Research in Civil, Structural, Environmental and Infrastructure Engineering and Developing. 3(1), 482-487.
Kurniadi, M., Andriani, M., Faturohman, F., & Damayanti, E. (2013). Karakteristik Fisikokimia Tepung Biji Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) Terfermentasi Bakteri Asam Laktat Lactobacilllus acidophilus. AgriTECH, 33(3), 288-295
Lina, E. C., & Martius, W. S. (2020). Sosialisasi Potensi Beberapa Varietas Sorgum Sebagai Bahan Baku Makanan Olahan. Jurnal Ilmiah Pengembangan Dan Penerapan Ipteks, 27(No.3), 165–172.
Malherbe, S. J. M., Cripwell, R. A., Favaro, L., van Zyl, W. H., & Viljoen-Bloom, M. (2023). Triticale and sorghum as feedstock for bioethanol production via consolidated bioprocessing. Renewable Energy, 206, 498–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.02.047
Maulana, M., & Azis, M. (2016). Kinerja dan Prospek Pengembangan Bahan Bakar Nabati di Indonesia. Forum Penelitian Agro Ekonomi, 30(2), 147. https://doi.org/10.21082/fae.v 3 0n2.2012.147-158
Nasution, Elmadani., Setiawati, V. Rori. , & Nairfana, I. (2021). Pengaruh Lama Fermentasi Terhadap Mutu Organoleptik, Tingkat Keasaman (Ph) Dan Tingkat Kemanisan Tape Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). Food and Agroindustry Journal, 2(2), 53–61.
Nofita, D., & Dewangga, R. (2021). Optimasi Perbandingan Pelarut Etanol Air Terhadap Kadar Tanin pada Daun Matoa (Pometia pinnata J.R & G. Forst ) Secara Spektrofotometri. Chimica et Nature Acta, 9(3), 102–106. https://doi.org/DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.24198/cna.v9.n3.36768
Novriandi, R., Yenie, E., & Muria, S. R. (2016). Produksi Bioetanol Dari Pati Sorgum Dengan Variasi Penambahan Cordyceps Sinensis Dan Waktu Fermentasi. Jom FTEKNIK, 3(2), 1-6.
Rustiaty, B. (2018). Optimasi Proses Hidrolisis Biji Sorgum untuk Fermentasi Bioetanol dan Pemanfaatan Komponen Padatnya. Jurnal Balitbanda Lampung, 6(2), 157-178.
Selle, P. H., Moss, A. F., Truong, H. H., Khoddami, A., Cadogan, D. J., Godwin, I. D., & Liu, S. Y. (2018). Outlook: Sorghum as a feed grain for Australian chicken-meat production. Animal Nutrition, 4(1), 17–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ani nu.2017.08.007
Setiarto, R. H. B., Widhyastuti, N., & Saskiawan, I. (2017). Pengaruh Fermentasi Fungi, Bakteri Asam Laktat dan Khamir terhadap Kualitas Nutrisi Tepung Sorgum (Effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria, Fungi and Yeast Fermentation on Nutritional Quality of Sorghum Flour). Agritech, 36(4), 440. https://doi.org/10.22146/agritech.16769
Sinta, A. G., Kolaka, L., & Damhuri, D. (2022). KARAKTERISASI SORGUM (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) Aksesi Badong Asal Desa Amonggedo, Kecamatan Amonggedo, Kabupaten Konawe. Ampibi: Jurnal Alumni Pendidikan Biologi, 7(3), 99. https://doi.org/10. 36709/ampibi.v7i3.25043
Suarni, S. (2017). Peranan Sifat Fisikokimia Sorgum dalam Diversifikasi Pangan dan Industri serta Prospek Pengembangannya. Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian, 35(3), 99. https://doi.org/10.21082/jp3.v3 5n3.2016.p99-110
Subagio, H., & Suryawati. (2013). Sorgum Inovasi Teknologi dan Pengembangan (Sumarno, D. S. Damardjati, M. Syam, & Hermanto, Eds.). IAARD Press.
Szambelan, K., Nowak, J., Szwengiel, A., & Jeleń, H. (2020). Comparison of sorghum and maize raw distillates: Factors affecting ethanol efficiency and volatile by-product profile. Journal of Cereal Science, 91, 102863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.j cs.2019.102863
Wulandari, E., Sihombing, F. S. P., Sukarminah, E., & Sunyoto, M. (2019). Karakterisasi Sifat Fungsional Isolat Protein Biji Sorgum Merah (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) Varietas Lokal Bandung. Chimica et Natura Acta, 7(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.24198/c na.v7.n1.19683
Xiao, M.-Zhao., Sun, Qian., Hong, Si., Chen, W.-Jing., Pang, Bo., Du, Z.-Yan., Yang, W. Bin., Sun, Zhuohua., & Yuan, T. Q. (2021). Sweet sorghum for phytoremediation and bioethanol production. Journal of Leather Science and Engineering, 2(32), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42825 -021-00074-z
Yusra, S., & Putri, E. (2023). Karakteristik Fisikokimia Tepung Sorgum (Sorghum bicolor L.) Varietas Lokal Merah dengan Fermentasi Spontan. JURNAL AGROTEKNO-LOGI, 16(02), 163. https://doi.or g/10.19184/jagt.v16i02.35046
Zadha, H., Raharjo W. (2013). ISolasi Dekstrin dari Pati Sorgum dengan Proses Hidrolisa Parsial. Menggunakan Enzim α-Amilase. Jurnal Teknologi Kimia dan Industri 2(2), 116 -121.
Zubair, A. (2018). SORGUM- Tanaman Multi Manfaat (A. Zubair, Ed.; 2Edition ed.). Unpad Press.