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Abstract
Black soldier fly (BSF) is an insect to reduces organic matter and produces biomass insects with crude fat of 20.09% -28.89%. BSF larvae have a high lipid content compared to other flies as raw material for making biodiesel. This research aimed to determine the optimum condition of BSF’s lipid extraction process using MAE. The method was the response surface method (RSM) central composite design (CCD) with two factors and three response variables. The research factors were extraction temperature (60, 75, and 90 0C) and extraction time (20, 30, and 40 minutes). Identification of the response variables measured were oil yield, free fatty acids (%FFA), and acid number of black soldier fly (BSF) larvae oil with limits according to SNI 7182:2015. The optimal solution resulted from the treatment level with an extraction temperature of 60 0C with an extraction time of 37.69 minutes. The higher temperature treatment significantly increased the oil yield, but on the other hand, it also increased the free fatty acid content and acid number in the larvae oil. The longer extraction time significantly increased the resulting oil yield but could also significantly increase the free fatty acid content and acid number. The predicted results for the optimal solution response to oil yield was 30.22%, free fatty acid was 3.26%, and the acid number was 6.48 mgKOH/g. The results generated from the data validation of each oil yield response was 29.28%, free fatty acid was 3.29% and the acid number was 6.54 mgKOH/g.
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Copyright (c) 2024 Novianti Adi Rohmanna, Indah Fitriana Subekti, Panji Deoranto, Muhammad Arwani, Zuliyan Agus Nur Muchlis Majid, Arie Febrianto Mulyadi, Nur Hidayat
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How to Cite
Rohmanna, N. A., Deoranto, P., Arwani, M., & Majid, Z. A. N. M. (2024). OPTIMIZATION OF BSFL (HERMETIA ILLUCENS) OIL EXTRACTION USING MICROWAVE ASSISTED EXTRACTION (MAE) METHOD AS BIODIESEL RAW MATERIAL. Jurnal Agroindustri, 14(1), 11–25. https://doi.org/10.31186/jagroindustri.14.1.11-25
References
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Aziz, I., Nurbayti, S., & Suwandari, J. (2019). Pembuatan Gliserol Dengan Reaksi Hidrolisis Minyak Goreng Bekas. Chemistry Progress, 6(1),1-11
Azmir, J., Zaidul, I. S. M., Rahman, M. M., Sharif, K. M., & Sahena, F. Jahurul, M. H. A. (2014). Optimization of Oil Yield of Phaleria macrocarpa Seed Using Response Surface Methodology and Its Fatty Acids Constituents
Barqi WS. (2015). Pengambilan Minyak Mikroalga Chlorella sp. dengan Metode Microwave Assisted Extraction. Jurnal Bahan Terbarukan, 4(1), 34-41.
Djamaludin, H, & Chamidah, A. (2021). Kualitas Ekstrak Minyak Mikroalga Spirulina sp. dengan Metode Ekstraksi Yang Berbeda. Prosiding Simposium Nasional Kelautan dan Perikanan. Makassar, 5 Juni.
Fauzi, M., & Muharram, L. (2019). Karakteristik Bioreduksi Sampah Organik oleh Maggot BSF (Black Soldier Fly) pada Berbagai Level Instar. Journal of Science, Technology and Entrepreneur, 1(2), 134-139.
Fuente, B., Pinela, J., Mandim, F., Heleno, S. A., Ferreira, I. C., Barba, F. J., & Barros, L. (2022). Nutritional and Bioactive Oils from Salmon (Salmo salar) Side Streams Obtained by Soxhlet and Optimized Microwave-Assisted Extraction. Food Chemistry, 386, 132778
Galwey, N. W. (2014). Introduction to Mixed Modelling: Beyond Regression and Analysis of Variance. John Wiley & Sons.
Gharibzahedi, S. M. T., & Altintas, Z. (2022). Ultrasound-Assisted Alcoholic Extraction of Lesser Mealworm Larvae Oil: Process Optimization, Physicochemical Characteristics, and Energy Consumption. Antioxidants, 11(10), 1943. https://doi.org/10.33 90/antiox11101943
Giakoumis, E. G., & Sarakatsanis, C. K. (2019). A comparative assessment of biodiesel cetane number predictive correlations based on fatty acid composition. Energies, 12(3), 422.
Gumilar, G., Zackiyah, M., Dwiyanti, G., & H. M. H. S. (2009). Pengaruh Pemanasan Terhadap Profil Asam Lemak Tak Jenuh Minyak Bekatul. Jurnal Pengajaran MIPA, 14(2), 143-150.
Hao, M. J., Elias, N. H., Aminuddin, M. H., & Zainalabidin, N. (2021). Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) Lipid. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 765(1), 012057
Hao, M. J., Elias, N. H., Aminuddin, M. H., & Zainalabidin, N. (2021). Microwave-assisted extraction of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) lipid. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 765(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/17 551315/765/1/012057
Kostić, M. D., Joković, N. M., Stamenković, O. S., Rajković, K. M., Milić, P. S., & Veljković, V. B. (2013). Optimization of Hempseed Oil Extraction By N-Hexane. Industrial Crops and Products, 48, 133-143.
Liu, X., Chen, X., Wang, H., Yang, Q., Rehman, K., Li, W., & Zheng, L. (2017). Dynamic Changes of Nutrient Composition Throughout the Entire Life Cycle of Black Soldier Fly. PLoS One, 12(8), e0182601
Liu, Y., Ramakrishnan, V. V., & Dave, D., (2020). Lipid Class and Fatty Acid Composition of Oil Extracted From Atlantic Salmon By-Products Under Different Optimization Parameters of Enzymatic Hydrolysis. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 30,101866
Liu, Z., Minor, M., Morel, P. C. H., & Najar-Rodriguez, A. J. (2018a). Bioconversion of Three Organic Wastes by Black Soldier Fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Larvae. Environmental Entomology, 47(6), 1609–1617. https://doi.org/10.109 3/ee/nvy141
Majid, Z. A. N. M., Rahmawati, L., & Rohmanna, N. A. (2023). Identifikasi profil asam amino dan lemak black soldier fly larvae menggunakan pakan bungkil dan sisa makanan. Jurnal teknologi Industri Pertanian. 33 (1): 41-49.
Marlina, N. & Askar, S. (2004). Chemical Composition of some Agricultural Wastes, Animal Research Center, Bogor.
Medina, A. L., da Silva MAO, de Sousa BH, Arruda MAZ, Marsaioli JA, & Bragagnolo N. (2015). Rapid Microwave Assisted Extraction of Meat Lipids. Food Research International, 78, 124-130.
Mubarak, K., Natsir, H., Wahab, A. W., & Satrimafitrah, P. (2017). Analisis Kadar α-tokoferol (Vitamin E) Dalam Daun Kelor (Moringa oleifera Lam) Dari Daerah Pesisir dan Pegunungan Serta Potensinya Sebagai Antioksidan. KOVALEN: Jurnal Riset Kimia, 3(1), 78-88.
Muktiadji, N., & Kamage, R. (2009). Pengaruh Penjualan dan Profitabilitas Terhadap Pertumbuhan Perusahaan Studi Kasus Pada PT. Gudang Garam, Tbk. Dan PT. Bentoel Internasional Investama, Tbk. Jurnal Ilmiah Ranggagading, 9(1),1-6.
Rohmanna, N. A., Maharani, D. M., Majid, Z. A. N. M. (2023). Analisis pertumbuhan dan kemampuan reduksi limbah larva tentara hitam Hermetia illucens pada solid decanter, ampas kelapa, ampas sagu, dan limbah sisa makanan. Agrointek. 17 (3).
Rollins, Y., Troupel, M., Tuck, D. G., & Perichon, J. (1986). The Coupling of Organic Groups by The Electrochemical Reduction of Organic Halides: Catalysis by 2, 2′-Bipyridinenickel Complexes. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, 303(1), 131-137.
Sajib, M., Albers, E., Langeland, M., & Undeland, I. (2020). Understanding the Effect of Temperature and Time on Protein Degree of Hydrolysis and Lipid Oxidation During Ensilaging of Herring (Clupea harengus) Filleting Co-Products. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 1-13.
Siagian, D. & Sugiarto. (2000). Metode Statistika Untuk Bisnis dan Ekonomi. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Jakarta.
Silsia, D., Laili, S., & Magrisa, F. (2021). Rendemen dan Karakteristik Pektin Kulit Buah Naga Merah (Hylocereus costaricensis) Dengan Perbedaan Metode dan Waktu Ekstraksi. Jurnal Agroindustri, 11 (2), 120-132.
Sintawardani, N. (2011). Socio-Economic Problems on Reducing the Wastewater Pollution from Tofu Processing in the Cibuntu Area, Indonesia, Research Center for Physics Indonesian Institute of Science.
Siow, H. Sen, Sudesh, K., Murugan, P., & Ganesan, S. (2021). Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) oil characterization and optimization of the free fatty acid pretreatment via acid-catalyzed esterification. Fuel, 299, 120905. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.fuel.2021.120905
SNI. (1988). Standar Nasional Indonesia 06-3735-1998 Standar Mutu Minyak Atsiri. Badan Standarisasi Nasional. Jakarta
SNI. (2015). Standar Nasional Indonesia 7182:2015 Biodiesel. Badan Standarisasi Nasional. Jakarta
Su, C. H., Nguyen, H. C., Bui, T. L., & Huang, D. L. (2019). Enzyme-assisted extraction of insect fat for biodiesel production. Journal of Cleaner Production, 223, 436–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclep ro.2019.03.150
Suroso, A. S. (2013). Kualitas Minyak Goreng Habis Pakai Ditinjau Dari Bilangan Peroksida, Bilangan Asam dan Kadar Air. Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia, 3(2),77-88.
Widiyanto, I., Basakara, K. A., & Lia, U. K. (2013). Ekstraksi Oleoresin Kayu Manis (Cinnamomum burmannii): Optimasi Rendemen dan Pengujian Karakteristik Mutu. Jurnal Teknologi Pertanian, 6(1), 7-16
Yang, S., Li, Q., Gao, Y., Zheng, L., & Liu, Z. (2014). Biodiesel Production from Swine Manure Via Housefly Larvae (Musca domestica L.). Renewable Energy, 66, 222-227.
Yulianti, D., Bambang, S., & Rini, Y. (2014). Pengaruh Lama Ekstraksi dan Konsentrasi Pelarut Etanol Terhadap Sifat Fisika-Kimia Ekstrak Daun Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana bertoni M.) Dengan Metode Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE). Jurnal Bioproses Komoditas Tropis, 2(1), 35-41.
References
Aziz, I., Nurbayti, S., & Suwandari, J. (2019). Pembuatan Gliserol Dengan Reaksi Hidrolisis Minyak Goreng Bekas. Chemistry Progress, 6(1),1-11
Azmir, J., Zaidul, I. S. M., Rahman, M. M., Sharif, K. M., & Sahena, F. Jahurul, M. H. A. (2014). Optimization of Oil Yield of Phaleria macrocarpa Seed Using Response Surface Methodology and Its Fatty Acids Constituents
Barqi WS. (2015). Pengambilan Minyak Mikroalga Chlorella sp. dengan Metode Microwave Assisted Extraction. Jurnal Bahan Terbarukan, 4(1), 34-41.
Djamaludin, H, & Chamidah, A. (2021). Kualitas Ekstrak Minyak Mikroalga Spirulina sp. dengan Metode Ekstraksi Yang Berbeda. Prosiding Simposium Nasional Kelautan dan Perikanan. Makassar, 5 Juni.
Fauzi, M., & Muharram, L. (2019). Karakteristik Bioreduksi Sampah Organik oleh Maggot BSF (Black Soldier Fly) pada Berbagai Level Instar. Journal of Science, Technology and Entrepreneur, 1(2), 134-139.
Fuente, B., Pinela, J., Mandim, F., Heleno, S. A., Ferreira, I. C., Barba, F. J., & Barros, L. (2022). Nutritional and Bioactive Oils from Salmon (Salmo salar) Side Streams Obtained by Soxhlet and Optimized Microwave-Assisted Extraction. Food Chemistry, 386, 132778
Galwey, N. W. (2014). Introduction to Mixed Modelling: Beyond Regression and Analysis of Variance. John Wiley & Sons.
Gharibzahedi, S. M. T., & Altintas, Z. (2022). Ultrasound-Assisted Alcoholic Extraction of Lesser Mealworm Larvae Oil: Process Optimization, Physicochemical Characteristics, and Energy Consumption. Antioxidants, 11(10), 1943. https://doi.org/10.33 90/antiox11101943
Giakoumis, E. G., & Sarakatsanis, C. K. (2019). A comparative assessment of biodiesel cetane number predictive correlations based on fatty acid composition. Energies, 12(3), 422.
Gumilar, G., Zackiyah, M., Dwiyanti, G., & H. M. H. S. (2009). Pengaruh Pemanasan Terhadap Profil Asam Lemak Tak Jenuh Minyak Bekatul. Jurnal Pengajaran MIPA, 14(2), 143-150.
Hao, M. J., Elias, N. H., Aminuddin, M. H., & Zainalabidin, N. (2021). Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) Lipid. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 765(1), 012057
Hao, M. J., Elias, N. H., Aminuddin, M. H., & Zainalabidin, N. (2021). Microwave-assisted extraction of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) lipid. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 765(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/17 551315/765/1/012057
Kostić, M. D., Joković, N. M., Stamenković, O. S., Rajković, K. M., Milić, P. S., & Veljković, V. B. (2013). Optimization of Hempseed Oil Extraction By N-Hexane. Industrial Crops and Products, 48, 133-143.
Liu, X., Chen, X., Wang, H., Yang, Q., Rehman, K., Li, W., & Zheng, L. (2017). Dynamic Changes of Nutrient Composition Throughout the Entire Life Cycle of Black Soldier Fly. PLoS One, 12(8), e0182601
Liu, Y., Ramakrishnan, V. V., & Dave, D., (2020). Lipid Class and Fatty Acid Composition of Oil Extracted From Atlantic Salmon By-Products Under Different Optimization Parameters of Enzymatic Hydrolysis. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 30,101866
Liu, Z., Minor, M., Morel, P. C. H., & Najar-Rodriguez, A. J. (2018a). Bioconversion of Three Organic Wastes by Black Soldier Fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Larvae. Environmental Entomology, 47(6), 1609–1617. https://doi.org/10.109 3/ee/nvy141
Majid, Z. A. N. M., Rahmawati, L., & Rohmanna, N. A. (2023). Identifikasi profil asam amino dan lemak black soldier fly larvae menggunakan pakan bungkil dan sisa makanan. Jurnal teknologi Industri Pertanian. 33 (1): 41-49.
Marlina, N. & Askar, S. (2004). Chemical Composition of some Agricultural Wastes, Animal Research Center, Bogor.
Medina, A. L., da Silva MAO, de Sousa BH, Arruda MAZ, Marsaioli JA, & Bragagnolo N. (2015). Rapid Microwave Assisted Extraction of Meat Lipids. Food Research International, 78, 124-130.
Mubarak, K., Natsir, H., Wahab, A. W., & Satrimafitrah, P. (2017). Analisis Kadar α-tokoferol (Vitamin E) Dalam Daun Kelor (Moringa oleifera Lam) Dari Daerah Pesisir dan Pegunungan Serta Potensinya Sebagai Antioksidan. KOVALEN: Jurnal Riset Kimia, 3(1), 78-88.
Muktiadji, N., & Kamage, R. (2009). Pengaruh Penjualan dan Profitabilitas Terhadap Pertumbuhan Perusahaan Studi Kasus Pada PT. Gudang Garam, Tbk. Dan PT. Bentoel Internasional Investama, Tbk. Jurnal Ilmiah Ranggagading, 9(1),1-6.
Rohmanna, N. A., Maharani, D. M., Majid, Z. A. N. M. (2023). Analisis pertumbuhan dan kemampuan reduksi limbah larva tentara hitam Hermetia illucens pada solid decanter, ampas kelapa, ampas sagu, dan limbah sisa makanan. Agrointek. 17 (3).
Rollins, Y., Troupel, M., Tuck, D. G., & Perichon, J. (1986). The Coupling of Organic Groups by The Electrochemical Reduction of Organic Halides: Catalysis by 2, 2′-Bipyridinenickel Complexes. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, 303(1), 131-137.
Sajib, M., Albers, E., Langeland, M., & Undeland, I. (2020). Understanding the Effect of Temperature and Time on Protein Degree of Hydrolysis and Lipid Oxidation During Ensilaging of Herring (Clupea harengus) Filleting Co-Products. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 1-13.
Siagian, D. & Sugiarto. (2000). Metode Statistika Untuk Bisnis dan Ekonomi. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Jakarta.
Silsia, D., Laili, S., & Magrisa, F. (2021). Rendemen dan Karakteristik Pektin Kulit Buah Naga Merah (Hylocereus costaricensis) Dengan Perbedaan Metode dan Waktu Ekstraksi. Jurnal Agroindustri, 11 (2), 120-132.
Sintawardani, N. (2011). Socio-Economic Problems on Reducing the Wastewater Pollution from Tofu Processing in the Cibuntu Area, Indonesia, Research Center for Physics Indonesian Institute of Science.
Siow, H. Sen, Sudesh, K., Murugan, P., & Ganesan, S. (2021). Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) oil characterization and optimization of the free fatty acid pretreatment via acid-catalyzed esterification. Fuel, 299, 120905. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.fuel.2021.120905
SNI. (1988). Standar Nasional Indonesia 06-3735-1998 Standar Mutu Minyak Atsiri. Badan Standarisasi Nasional. Jakarta
SNI. (2015). Standar Nasional Indonesia 7182:2015 Biodiesel. Badan Standarisasi Nasional. Jakarta
Su, C. H., Nguyen, H. C., Bui, T. L., & Huang, D. L. (2019). Enzyme-assisted extraction of insect fat for biodiesel production. Journal of Cleaner Production, 223, 436–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclep ro.2019.03.150
Suroso, A. S. (2013). Kualitas Minyak Goreng Habis Pakai Ditinjau Dari Bilangan Peroksida, Bilangan Asam dan Kadar Air. Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia, 3(2),77-88.
Widiyanto, I., Basakara, K. A., & Lia, U. K. (2013). Ekstraksi Oleoresin Kayu Manis (Cinnamomum burmannii): Optimasi Rendemen dan Pengujian Karakteristik Mutu. Jurnal Teknologi Pertanian, 6(1), 7-16
Yang, S., Li, Q., Gao, Y., Zheng, L., & Liu, Z. (2014). Biodiesel Production from Swine Manure Via Housefly Larvae (Musca domestica L.). Renewable Energy, 66, 222-227.
Yulianti, D., Bambang, S., & Rini, Y. (2014). Pengaruh Lama Ekstraksi dan Konsentrasi Pelarut Etanol Terhadap Sifat Fisika-Kimia Ekstrak Daun Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana bertoni M.) Dengan Metode Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE). Jurnal Bioproses Komoditas Tropis, 2(1), 35-41.
Azmir, J., Zaidul, I. S. M., Rahman, M. M., Sharif, K. M., & Sahena, F. Jahurul, M. H. A. (2014). Optimization of Oil Yield of Phaleria macrocarpa Seed Using Response Surface Methodology and Its Fatty Acids Constituents
Barqi WS. (2015). Pengambilan Minyak Mikroalga Chlorella sp. dengan Metode Microwave Assisted Extraction. Jurnal Bahan Terbarukan, 4(1), 34-41.
Djamaludin, H, & Chamidah, A. (2021). Kualitas Ekstrak Minyak Mikroalga Spirulina sp. dengan Metode Ekstraksi Yang Berbeda. Prosiding Simposium Nasional Kelautan dan Perikanan. Makassar, 5 Juni.
Fauzi, M., & Muharram, L. (2019). Karakteristik Bioreduksi Sampah Organik oleh Maggot BSF (Black Soldier Fly) pada Berbagai Level Instar. Journal of Science, Technology and Entrepreneur, 1(2), 134-139.
Fuente, B., Pinela, J., Mandim, F., Heleno, S. A., Ferreira, I. C., Barba, F. J., & Barros, L. (2022). Nutritional and Bioactive Oils from Salmon (Salmo salar) Side Streams Obtained by Soxhlet and Optimized Microwave-Assisted Extraction. Food Chemistry, 386, 132778
Galwey, N. W. (2014). Introduction to Mixed Modelling: Beyond Regression and Analysis of Variance. John Wiley & Sons.
Gharibzahedi, S. M. T., & Altintas, Z. (2022). Ultrasound-Assisted Alcoholic Extraction of Lesser Mealworm Larvae Oil: Process Optimization, Physicochemical Characteristics, and Energy Consumption. Antioxidants, 11(10), 1943. https://doi.org/10.33 90/antiox11101943
Giakoumis, E. G., & Sarakatsanis, C. K. (2019). A comparative assessment of biodiesel cetane number predictive correlations based on fatty acid composition. Energies, 12(3), 422.
Gumilar, G., Zackiyah, M., Dwiyanti, G., & H. M. H. S. (2009). Pengaruh Pemanasan Terhadap Profil Asam Lemak Tak Jenuh Minyak Bekatul. Jurnal Pengajaran MIPA, 14(2), 143-150.
Hao, M. J., Elias, N. H., Aminuddin, M. H., & Zainalabidin, N. (2021). Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) Lipid. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 765(1), 012057
Hao, M. J., Elias, N. H., Aminuddin, M. H., & Zainalabidin, N. (2021). Microwave-assisted extraction of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) lipid. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 765(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/17 551315/765/1/012057
Kostić, M. D., Joković, N. M., Stamenković, O. S., Rajković, K. M., Milić, P. S., & Veljković, V. B. (2013). Optimization of Hempseed Oil Extraction By N-Hexane. Industrial Crops and Products, 48, 133-143.
Liu, X., Chen, X., Wang, H., Yang, Q., Rehman, K., Li, W., & Zheng, L. (2017). Dynamic Changes of Nutrient Composition Throughout the Entire Life Cycle of Black Soldier Fly. PLoS One, 12(8), e0182601
Liu, Y., Ramakrishnan, V. V., & Dave, D., (2020). Lipid Class and Fatty Acid Composition of Oil Extracted From Atlantic Salmon By-Products Under Different Optimization Parameters of Enzymatic Hydrolysis. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 30,101866
Liu, Z., Minor, M., Morel, P. C. H., & Najar-Rodriguez, A. J. (2018a). Bioconversion of Three Organic Wastes by Black Soldier Fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Larvae. Environmental Entomology, 47(6), 1609–1617. https://doi.org/10.109 3/ee/nvy141
Majid, Z. A. N. M., Rahmawati, L., & Rohmanna, N. A. (2023). Identifikasi profil asam amino dan lemak black soldier fly larvae menggunakan pakan bungkil dan sisa makanan. Jurnal teknologi Industri Pertanian. 33 (1): 41-49.
Marlina, N. & Askar, S. (2004). Chemical Composition of some Agricultural Wastes, Animal Research Center, Bogor.
Medina, A. L., da Silva MAO, de Sousa BH, Arruda MAZ, Marsaioli JA, & Bragagnolo N. (2015). Rapid Microwave Assisted Extraction of Meat Lipids. Food Research International, 78, 124-130.
Mubarak, K., Natsir, H., Wahab, A. W., & Satrimafitrah, P. (2017). Analisis Kadar α-tokoferol (Vitamin E) Dalam Daun Kelor (Moringa oleifera Lam) Dari Daerah Pesisir dan Pegunungan Serta Potensinya Sebagai Antioksidan. KOVALEN: Jurnal Riset Kimia, 3(1), 78-88.
Muktiadji, N., & Kamage, R. (2009). Pengaruh Penjualan dan Profitabilitas Terhadap Pertumbuhan Perusahaan Studi Kasus Pada PT. Gudang Garam, Tbk. Dan PT. Bentoel Internasional Investama, Tbk. Jurnal Ilmiah Ranggagading, 9(1),1-6.
Rohmanna, N. A., Maharani, D. M., Majid, Z. A. N. M. (2023). Analisis pertumbuhan dan kemampuan reduksi limbah larva tentara hitam Hermetia illucens pada solid decanter, ampas kelapa, ampas sagu, dan limbah sisa makanan. Agrointek. 17 (3).
Rollins, Y., Troupel, M., Tuck, D. G., & Perichon, J. (1986). The Coupling of Organic Groups by The Electrochemical Reduction of Organic Halides: Catalysis by 2, 2′-Bipyridinenickel Complexes. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, 303(1), 131-137.
Sajib, M., Albers, E., Langeland, M., & Undeland, I. (2020). Understanding the Effect of Temperature and Time on Protein Degree of Hydrolysis and Lipid Oxidation During Ensilaging of Herring (Clupea harengus) Filleting Co-Products. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 1-13.
Siagian, D. & Sugiarto. (2000). Metode Statistika Untuk Bisnis dan Ekonomi. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Jakarta.
Silsia, D., Laili, S., & Magrisa, F. (2021). Rendemen dan Karakteristik Pektin Kulit Buah Naga Merah (Hylocereus costaricensis) Dengan Perbedaan Metode dan Waktu Ekstraksi. Jurnal Agroindustri, 11 (2), 120-132.
Sintawardani, N. (2011). Socio-Economic Problems on Reducing the Wastewater Pollution from Tofu Processing in the Cibuntu Area, Indonesia, Research Center for Physics Indonesian Institute of Science.
Siow, H. Sen, Sudesh, K., Murugan, P., & Ganesan, S. (2021). Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) oil characterization and optimization of the free fatty acid pretreatment via acid-catalyzed esterification. Fuel, 299, 120905. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.fuel.2021.120905
SNI. (1988). Standar Nasional Indonesia 06-3735-1998 Standar Mutu Minyak Atsiri. Badan Standarisasi Nasional. Jakarta
SNI. (2015). Standar Nasional Indonesia 7182:2015 Biodiesel. Badan Standarisasi Nasional. Jakarta
Su, C. H., Nguyen, H. C., Bui, T. L., & Huang, D. L. (2019). Enzyme-assisted extraction of insect fat for biodiesel production. Journal of Cleaner Production, 223, 436–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclep ro.2019.03.150
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