Main Article Content
Abstract
Alteration in diet during a weaning period is often associated with changes in eating behaviour. This research evaluated the effect of providing different fibre sources on Brahman crossbred calves' eating behaviour and rumination activity. Ten Brahman crossbred calves aged eight weeks were randomly distributed into two dietary fibre treatments: COP = concentrate 40% + Pennisetum purpureum cv. Taiwan 60%; COM = concentrate 40% + Pennisetum purpureum cv. Taiwan 30% + Gliricidia sepium 30%). Feeding different dietary fibre changed the duration, percentage of eating time, and eating frequency ( P<0.05). Of the 9 hours of observation, 45,62% of the time was allocated for eating Pennisetum purpureum cv. Taiwan. Less time was spent eating a combination of dietary fibres (44, 31%). More frequent eating was observed in the COP group (20,88 times) than in the COM group (20,02 times). The treatments did not affect the drinking time (P>0.05). Providing a higher fibre diet in the COP group increased rumination frequency (P<0.05). However, it did not affect the duration and percentage of time of rumination during diurnal observation (P>0.05). In conclusion, feeding Pennisetum purpureum cv Taiwan as a dietary fibre during the weaning transition improves calves' eating behaviour and rumination activity.
Keywords
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References
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- Ganong, W. F. 2002. Physiology of Medicine. EGC Medicine. Jakarta.
- Ginnette, T. F., Dankosky, J. A., Deo, G., dan Demment, M. W., 1999. Patch Depression in Grazers: the Roles of Biomass Distribution and Residual Stems. Functional Ecology 13,37-44.
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- Hill, T.M., Bateman, H.G., Aldrich, J.M., & Schlotterbeck, R. (2012). High-starch, coarse-grain, low-fiber diets maximize growth of weaned dairy calves less than 4 months of age. The Professional Animal Scientist, 28, 325-331.
- Hodgson, J. 1971. The development of solid food intake in calves. 1. The effect of previous experience of solid food, and the physical form of diets, on the development of food intake after weaning. Anim. Prod. 13:15–24.
- Kamal, M., 1994. Animal Nutrition I. Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Gajah Mada University, Yogyakarta.
- Khalifa, T. A. A. and B. E. El-Saidy. 2006. Pellet-freezing of Damascus goat
- Khan, A., et al. (2016). Invited review: Transitioning from milk to solid feed in dairy heifers. Journal of Dairy Science. 99: 885–902
- Kononoff, P. J., H. A. Lehman, and A. J. Heinrichs. 2002. Technical note: A comparison of methods used to measure eating and ruminating activity in confined dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 85:1801–1803.
- kusuma,et al. 2015. Differences in Feeding Behavior of Bali Cattle Raised at Final Disposal Sites in Pedungan Village and Sobangan Bali Cattle Breeding Setra. Udayana University. Denpasar.
- Lesmana. 2013. Paper on Animal Behavior. Success Revelation. Macassar.
- Lindgren, H. C. 1969. An Introduction to Social Psychology. John wiley and Sons. Inc. New York.
- Mangkudilaga. IMK. 1991. The behavior of goats and sheep based on grazing time in cultivated pastures.Thesis. Biology Department. FMIPA. IPB. Bogor.
- Martin, C., L. Brossard, and M. Doreau. 2006. Mechanisms of appearance of ruminal acidosis and consequences on physiopathology and performances. Prod. Anim. 19:93–107.
- Miller-Cushon, E. K., R. Bergeron, K. E. Leslie, and T. J. DeVries. 2013. Effect of milk feeding level on development of feeding behavior in dairy calves. J. Dairy Sci. 96:551–564. http:// dx .doi .org/ https://doi .org/ 10 .3168/ jds .2012 -5937.
- Muhammad, A. U., Xia, C. Q., & Cao, B. H. (2016). Dietary forage concentration and particle size affect sorting, feeding behaviour, intake and growth of Chinese Holstein male calves. Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition, 100(2), 217–223. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12349
- Mukodiningsih, S. S., S. P. S. Budhi, A. Agus & Haryadi. 2008. Effect of Feed Variation and Protein SourcesNeutral Detergent Fiber inComplete Calf Starter Against Rumen Reticulum Development Indicators. J. Indo. Trop. Anim. Agric. 33(2):132-138.
- Natalia, H., D. Nista, and S. Hindrawati. 2009. Excellence Gamal As Livestock Feed. BPTU Sembawa, Palembang.
- Natalia, H., D. Nista, and S. Hindrawati. 2009. Excellence Gamal As Livestock Feed. BPTU Sembawa. Palembang.
- Noorgard, P. 1989. The Influence Of Physical From Of The Diets On Chewing Activity And Reticulo-Rumen Motility In Cows. Acta Vet. Scan. Suppl. 86:46-52.
- Nurmeiliasari. 2017. "Blood Parameters and Rumen Wall Histology of Brahman Cross Bred Steers in Response to the Administration of Rumen" Mechanical Stimulating Brushes. "Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 16(12): 921-27.
- Nurmeiliasari. 2018. Rumen Mechanical Stimulator Application on Brahman Cross Cattle Performance in Fattening Three Months. (Accompanied): 102. Animal Production and Technology. Bogor. Bogor Agricultural University.
- Okaraonye, C. C., and J. C Ikewuchi. 2009. Nutritional and Antinutrional Componenst of Crimson pennywort Schumach. Pakistan Journal of Nutritional 8 (1):32-34.
- Phillips, C. J. C. 2004. The effects of forage provision and group size on the behavior of calves. J. Dairy Sci. 87:1380–1388.
- Porto, H. C. Del, Pechak, C. M., Smith, D. R., dan Reed-Jones, R. J. 2012. Biomechanial Effect of Obesity on Balance. International Journal of Exercise Science. 5(4). 301-320. Retrieved From .http:digitalcommons.wku.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1465&context=ij es
- Prawirokusumo, S. 1994. Comparative Nutrition Science. Gadjah Mada UniversityPress. Yogyakarta
- Purbowati, E. and E. Rianto. 2009. Production of Livestock and Work: Response
- Purnomoadi, A. and E. Rianto. 2002. Feeding Behavior of Buffalo Heifers Fed Rice Straw Supplemented With Urea-Mollases. Proceedings of the National Seminar on Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Technology. Animal Husbandry Research and Development Center . Bogor. Matter. 79-81.
- Purwanti, Eny. 2012. Midwifery Care for Postpartum Mothers. Yogyakarta: Horizon Science.
- Quigley, J. 2001. Development of Rumen Epithelium. Avaliable From URL: http//www.calfnote.com tanggal akses 8 Januari 2022.
- Russell, J.B. and Rychlik, J.L. 2001. Factors That Alter Rumen Microbial Ecology. Science. Vol. 292. No. 5519 pp. 1119-1122.
- Sahoo, A., D. N. Damra, and N. N. Pathak. 2005. Pre- and postweaning attributes in faunated and ciliate-free calves fed calf starter with or without fish meal. J. Dairy Sci. 88:2027–2036.
- Sajimin, Kompiang IP, Supriyati and Suratmini NP 2001. Use of Biofertilizer to Increase Productivity of Elephant Grass Forage (Crimson pennywort cv Africa) On Marginal Land in Subang, West Java. Livestock Media. 24(2): 46-50.
- semen in a chemically defined extender. Six. Reprod.Sci. 93: 303–315.
- Slaughter Livestock to Feed. Diponegoro University Publishing Center, Semarang.
- Soetarno, T. 2003. Management of Dairy Cattle Cultivation. Yogyakarta . UGM Faculty of Animal Husbandry.
- Sugeng, Y.B. 1998. Raising Beef Cattle. Independent Spreader, Jakarta.
- Sumoprastowo, C. D. A., 1989. Successful Goat Breeding. Bratara. Media Commerce. Jakarta.
- Supriatna. A. 2014. Fecal Conditions and Body Weight Gain of FH Dairy Calves Given Oral Corn Silage Juice Treatment. (Thesis). Bogor Agricultural Institute. Bogor.
- Susilo, E. 2014. How To Successfully Start And Run A Goat Livestock Business. First edition. Yogyakarta. Trans Media Publishing.
- Swanson, E. W., and J. D. Harris Jr. 1958. Development of rumination in the young calf. J. Dairy Sci. 41:1768–1776.
- Terler, G, G. Poier, F. Klevenhusen, Q. Zebeli.2022. Replacing concentrates with a high-quality hay in the starter feed in dairy calves: I. Effects on nutrient intake, growth performance, and blood metabolic profile. Journal of Dairy Science, 105(3):pp 2326-2342
- Tomaszewska, M. W, I. K. Sutama, I. G. Putu, T. D. Chaniago. 1991.Reproduction, Behavior and Livestock Production in Indonesia.Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta.
- Wahiduddin, M. 2008. Animal Feed Science. (http://wah1d.wordpress.com/category/ilmu-pakan) access date January 6, 2022.
- Wang, S., Q.Y. Diao, F.M. Hu, Y.L. Bi, M.Y. Piao, L.S. Jiang, F. Sun, H. Li, Y. Tu, 2022. Development of ruminating behavior in Holstein calves between birth and 30 days of age. Journal of Dairy Science 105(1): 572-584,
- Widyawati, N. 2009. Permeability and Germination of Sugar Palm Seeds (Arenga Pinnata Wurmb Merr). Indonesian Journal of Agronomy 37 (2) : 152-1
References
Adams, B., D. Hinch, G., N. Lynch J. 1992. The Behaviour Of Sheep. CAB. International and CSIRO Australia. New Zeland. 19-21.
Adiwimarta, K.I. 2007 . Goat Breeding. Issue 1. Klaten: PT Citra Aji Parama.
Ahmad, F, M. A. Jabbar, I. Ahmad, m. Rafique and I. Ahmad. 2004. Comparative efficiency of calf starter and conventional rations in buffalo suckling. Pakistan Vet. J. 24(4)
Ali, A., Khorvash, M., Ghorbani, G., Mahdavi, A., Malekkhahi, M., Mirzaei, M., Pezeshki, A., & Ghaffari, M. (2016). Effects of forage offering method on performance, rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility and nutritional behaviour in Holstein dairy calves.. Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition.
Altmann J. (1974). Observational study of behavior: sampling methods. Behavior, 49(3), 227–267. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853974x00534
Anderson, K. L., T. G. Nagaraja, J. L. Morrill, T. B. Avery, S. J. Galitzer, and J. E. Boyer. 1987. Ruminal microbial development in conventionally or early-weaned calves. J. Anim. Sci. 64:1215–1226.
Anonymous. 2008. Elephant Grass Cultivation For Animal Feed. http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/forages/media/Html. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
Arora, S.P. 1989. Microbial Pollution in Ruminants. Gadjah Mada University Press: Yogyakarta.
B., Robinson J. and Moseley, W. M., 2000. Evaluation of models of acute and subacute acidosis on dry matter intake, ruminal fermentation, blood chemistry, and endocrine profiles of beef steers. J. Anim. Sci. 78:3155–3168. (Brown et al. 2000).
Baldwin, R. L. VI, and K. R. McLeod. 2000. Effects Of Diet Forage:Concentrate Ratio To Age and Metabolizable Energy Intake On Isolated Rumen Epithelial Cell Metabolism In Vitro. J. Animal Science. 78:771-173.
Baldwin, R. L. VI, K. R. McLeod, J. L. Klotz, and R. N. Heitmann. 2004. Rumen development, intestinal growth and hepatic metabolism in the pre- and post-weaning ruminant. J. Dairy Sci. 87(ESuppl.):E55–E65.
Blakely, J. and Bade. H. 1994. Animal Science. Fourth Edition. Yogyakarta. Gajah Mada UniversityPress.
Bučková, K., Šárová, R., Moravcsíková, Á., & Špinka, M. (2021). The effect of pair housing on dairy calf health, performance, and behavior. Journal of dairy science, 104(9), 10282–10290. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2020-19968
Burfeind, O., K. Schirmann, M. A. G. von Keyserlingk, D. M. Veira, D. M. Weary, and W. Heuwieser. 2011. Technical note: Evaluation of a system for monitoring rumination in heifers and calves. J. Dairy Sci. 94:426–430.
Church, D. C. 1975. Digestive Physiology and Nutrition of Ruminant. Vol : 1 Second Edition. John Wiley and Sons. New York.
Coon, R.E., Duffield, T.F., & DeVries, T.J. (2018). Effect of straw particle size on the behavior, health, and production of early-lactation dairy cows. Journal of dairy science, 101 7, 6375-6387 .LI. Castells, A. Bach, G. Araujo, C. Montoro, and M. Terre. 2012. Effect of different forage sources on performance and feeding behavior of Holstein calves. Department of Ruminant Production. Agro-Food Research and Technology Institute (IRTA). 08140 Caldes de Montbui. spain
Ebey, T.N.1983. The genetic pool of sheep and goats. In: Tropical Sheep ang Goat Production (Edited by Ebey. T. N). Australia University International Development Program. Canberra.
Elvith,C. R. And Francis. 2006. Gliricide hedges (glyciridia). Available at:http://raskisimani.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/gliciridia-gliciridia.pdf.
Fikar, S and D. Ruhyadi. 2010. Beef Cattle Breeding and Business. AgroMedia Pustaka. Jakarta.
Frandson, R.D. 1993. Anatomy and Physiology of Livestock. Gajah Mada UniversityPress. Yogyakarta. Indonesia. 600-609
Fraser, F. A. 1975. Farm Animal Behaviour. The Macmillan Publishing Company Inc. New York.
Ganong, W. F. 2002. Physiology of Medicine. EGC Medicine. Jakarta.
Ginnette, T. F., Dankosky, J. A., Deo, G., dan Demment, M. W., 1999. Patch Depression in Grazers: the Roles of Biomass Distribution and Residual Stems. Functional Ecology 13,37-44.
Hafes, E. S. E. 1975. The Behaviour of Domestick Animal. 3rd Ed. The Wiliams and Wikind Co., Baltimore.
Hartadi, S. Reksohadiprojo, S. Prawirokusumo, A. D. Tillman and H. S. Lebdosoekojo. 1993. Feed Composition Table for Indonesia. Gajah Mada Press University. Yogyakarta.
Hill, T.M., Bateman, H.G., Aldrich, J.M., & Schlotterbeck, R. (2012). High-starch, coarse-grain, low-fiber diets maximize growth of weaned dairy calves less than 4 months of age. The Professional Animal Scientist, 28, 325-331.
Hodgson, J. 1971. The development of solid food intake in calves. 1. The effect of previous experience of solid food, and the physical form of diets, on the development of food intake after weaning. Anim. Prod. 13:15–24.
Kamal, M., 1994. Animal Nutrition I. Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Gajah Mada University, Yogyakarta.
Khalifa, T. A. A. and B. E. El-Saidy. 2006. Pellet-freezing of Damascus goat
Khan, A., et al. (2016). Invited review: Transitioning from milk to solid feed in dairy heifers. Journal of Dairy Science. 99: 885–902
Kononoff, P. J., H. A. Lehman, and A. J. Heinrichs. 2002. Technical note: A comparison of methods used to measure eating and ruminating activity in confined dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 85:1801–1803.
kusuma,et al. 2015. Differences in Feeding Behavior of Bali Cattle Raised at Final Disposal Sites in Pedungan Village and Sobangan Bali Cattle Breeding Setra. Udayana University. Denpasar.
Lesmana. 2013. Paper on Animal Behavior. Success Revelation. Macassar.
Lindgren, H. C. 1969. An Introduction to Social Psychology. John wiley and Sons. Inc. New York.
Mangkudilaga. IMK. 1991. The behavior of goats and sheep based on grazing time in cultivated pastures.Thesis. Biology Department. FMIPA. IPB. Bogor.
Martin, C., L. Brossard, and M. Doreau. 2006. Mechanisms of appearance of ruminal acidosis and consequences on physiopathology and performances. Prod. Anim. 19:93–107.
Miller-Cushon, E. K., R. Bergeron, K. E. Leslie, and T. J. DeVries. 2013. Effect of milk feeding level on development of feeding behavior in dairy calves. J. Dairy Sci. 96:551–564. http:// dx .doi .org/ https://doi .org/ 10 .3168/ jds .2012 -5937.
Muhammad, A. U., Xia, C. Q., & Cao, B. H. (2016). Dietary forage concentration and particle size affect sorting, feeding behaviour, intake and growth of Chinese Holstein male calves. Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition, 100(2), 217–223. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12349
Mukodiningsih, S. S., S. P. S. Budhi, A. Agus & Haryadi. 2008. Effect of Feed Variation and Protein SourcesNeutral Detergent Fiber inComplete Calf Starter Against Rumen Reticulum Development Indicators. J. Indo. Trop. Anim. Agric. 33(2):132-138.
Natalia, H., D. Nista, and S. Hindrawati. 2009. Excellence Gamal As Livestock Feed. BPTU Sembawa, Palembang.
Natalia, H., D. Nista, and S. Hindrawati. 2009. Excellence Gamal As Livestock Feed. BPTU Sembawa. Palembang.
Noorgard, P. 1989. The Influence Of Physical From Of The Diets On Chewing Activity And Reticulo-Rumen Motility In Cows. Acta Vet. Scan. Suppl. 86:46-52.
Nurmeiliasari. 2017. "Blood Parameters and Rumen Wall Histology of Brahman Cross Bred Steers in Response to the Administration of Rumen" Mechanical Stimulating Brushes. "Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 16(12): 921-27.
Nurmeiliasari. 2018. Rumen Mechanical Stimulator Application on Brahman Cross Cattle Performance in Fattening Three Months. (Accompanied): 102. Animal Production and Technology. Bogor. Bogor Agricultural University.
Okaraonye, C. C., and J. C Ikewuchi. 2009. Nutritional and Antinutrional Componenst of Crimson pennywort Schumach. Pakistan Journal of Nutritional 8 (1):32-34.
Phillips, C. J. C. 2004. The effects of forage provision and group size on the behavior of calves. J. Dairy Sci. 87:1380–1388.
Porto, H. C. Del, Pechak, C. M., Smith, D. R., dan Reed-Jones, R. J. 2012. Biomechanial Effect of Obesity on Balance. International Journal of Exercise Science. 5(4). 301-320. Retrieved From .http:digitalcommons.wku.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1465&context=ij es
Prawirokusumo, S. 1994. Comparative Nutrition Science. Gadjah Mada UniversityPress. Yogyakarta
Purbowati, E. and E. Rianto. 2009. Production of Livestock and Work: Response
Purnomoadi, A. and E. Rianto. 2002. Feeding Behavior of Buffalo Heifers Fed Rice Straw Supplemented With Urea-Mollases. Proceedings of the National Seminar on Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Technology. Animal Husbandry Research and Development Center . Bogor. Matter. 79-81.
Purwanti, Eny. 2012. Midwifery Care for Postpartum Mothers. Yogyakarta: Horizon Science.
Quigley, J. 2001. Development of Rumen Epithelium. Avaliable From URL: http//www.calfnote.com tanggal akses 8 Januari 2022.
Russell, J.B. and Rychlik, J.L. 2001. Factors That Alter Rumen Microbial Ecology. Science. Vol. 292. No. 5519 pp. 1119-1122.
Sahoo, A., D. N. Damra, and N. N. Pathak. 2005. Pre- and postweaning attributes in faunated and ciliate-free calves fed calf starter with or without fish meal. J. Dairy Sci. 88:2027–2036.
Sajimin, Kompiang IP, Supriyati and Suratmini NP 2001. Use of Biofertilizer to Increase Productivity of Elephant Grass Forage (Crimson pennywort cv Africa) On Marginal Land in Subang, West Java. Livestock Media. 24(2): 46-50.
semen in a chemically defined extender. Six. Reprod.Sci. 93: 303–315.
Slaughter Livestock to Feed. Diponegoro University Publishing Center, Semarang.
Soetarno, T. 2003. Management of Dairy Cattle Cultivation. Yogyakarta . UGM Faculty of Animal Husbandry.
Sugeng, Y.B. 1998. Raising Beef Cattle. Independent Spreader, Jakarta.
Sumoprastowo, C. D. A., 1989. Successful Goat Breeding. Bratara. Media Commerce. Jakarta.
Supriatna. A. 2014. Fecal Conditions and Body Weight Gain of FH Dairy Calves Given Oral Corn Silage Juice Treatment. (Thesis). Bogor Agricultural Institute. Bogor.
Susilo, E. 2014. How To Successfully Start And Run A Goat Livestock Business. First edition. Yogyakarta. Trans Media Publishing.
Swanson, E. W., and J. D. Harris Jr. 1958. Development of rumination in the young calf. J. Dairy Sci. 41:1768–1776.
Terler, G, G. Poier, F. Klevenhusen, Q. Zebeli.2022. Replacing concentrates with a high-quality hay in the starter feed in dairy calves: I. Effects on nutrient intake, growth performance, and blood metabolic profile. Journal of Dairy Science, 105(3):pp 2326-2342
Tomaszewska, M. W, I. K. Sutama, I. G. Putu, T. D. Chaniago. 1991.Reproduction, Behavior and Livestock Production in Indonesia.Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta.
Wahiduddin, M. 2008. Animal Feed Science. (http://wah1d.wordpress.com/category/ilmu-pakan) access date January 6, 2022.
Wang, S., Q.Y. Diao, F.M. Hu, Y.L. Bi, M.Y. Piao, L.S. Jiang, F. Sun, H. Li, Y. Tu, 2022. Development of ruminating behavior in Holstein calves between birth and 30 days of age. Journal of Dairy Science 105(1): 572-584,
Widyawati, N. 2009. Permeability and Germination of Sugar Palm Seeds (Arenga Pinnata Wurmb Merr). Indonesian Journal of Agronomy 37 (2) : 152-1