Main Article Content
Abstract
The effect of using saponins on ruminants' performance differed from several published research data based on the level of saponins added to the feed. This research was conducted to analyze the effect of saponins on fermentation characteristics, digestibility, and estimation of methane in ruminants with a mixed model approach from published journal articles—a total of 127 studies from 32 journals national and international. The variable measured included the level of saponins (%), dry matter intake, Average Daily Gain (ADG), Dry Matter Digestibility (DMD), Organic Matter Digestibility (OMD), Crude protein (CP), Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF), protozoa population, bacterial population, Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA), acetate/C2, propionate/C3, butyrate/C4, valerate/C5, acetate/propionate (C2/C3), NH3, pH, and methane gas production. The results showed that using saponins in ruminants increased ADG, CP, ADF, NDF degradation, Total VFA, and proportion of propionate. The addition of saponins level reduced the protozoa population, acetate proportion, and the ratio of acetate: to propionate (C2/C3). In contrast, feed intake and digestibility decreased with the administration of saponin. The bacterial population were similar among treatments, and methane production increased by increasing saponins. In conclusion, the administration of saponin level recommended is 0.3-3.1% of the total ration to improve performance and increase feed efficiency.
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References
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- Anantasook N, Wanapat M, Cherdthong A, Gunun P. 2014. Effect of tannins and saponins in Samanea saman on rumen environment, milk yield and milk composition in lactating dairy cows. J. Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition
- Benchaar C, McAllister TA, Chouinard PY. 2008. Digestion, ruminal fermentation, ciliate protozoal populations, and milk production from dairy cows fed cinnamaldehyde, quebracho condensed tannin, or yucca schidigera saponin extracts. Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 91: 4765–4777.
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- Eryavuz A, Dehority BA. 2004. Effect of Yucca schidigera extract on the concentration of rumen microorganisms in sheep. J. Animal Feed Science and Technology : 215–222
- Flachowsky, G. & Richter, GH. 1991. Effect of Flavomycin on the apparent digestibility of crude protein in wethers, parameters of rumen fermentation in cattle and feed intake and weight gain of heifers. Arch. Anim. Nutr. Vol. 41: 303-310.
- Gee JM, Price CL, Ridout IT, Johnson GR. Fenwick. 1997. Effects of some purified saponins on transmural potential difference in mammalian small intestine. Toxicol. In Vitro 3:85–90.
- Hess HD, Beuret RA, Lötscher M, Hindrichsen IK, Machmüller A, Carulla JE, Lascano CE, Kreuzer M. 2004. Ruminal fermentation, methanogenesis and nitrogen utilization of sheep receiving tropical grass hay-concentrate diets offered with Sapindus saponaria fruits and Cratylia argentea foliage. J. Animal Science Vol. 79: 177-189.
- Holtshausen L, Chaves AV, Beauchemin KA, McGinn SM, McAllister TA, Odongo NE, Cheeke PR, Benchaar C. 2009. Feeding saponin-containing Yucca schidigera and Quillaja saponaria to decrease enteric methane production in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. Vol.92: 2809–2821
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- Hussain I, Cheeke PR. 1995. Effect of dietary Yucca schidigera extract on rumen and blood profiles of steers fed concentrate or roughage-based diets. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. Vol.51: 231–242.
- Klita PT, Mathison GW, Fenton TW, Hardin RT. 1996. Effects of alfalfa root saponins on digestive function in sheep. J. Anim. Sci. Vol.74: 1144–1156.
- Krisnawan, Nanang. 2015. Efek asosiatif senyawa tannin dan saponin dengan pakan berbasis jerami padi amoniasi terhadap emisi gas metana dan fermentasi rumen secara in-vitro. [Tesis]. Institut Pertanian Bogor.
- Lila ZA, Mohammed N, Kanda S, Kurihara M, Itabashi H. 2005. Sarsaponin effects on ruminal fermentation and microbes, methane production, digestibility and blood matabolites in steers. Asian Aust. J. Anim. Vol.12: 1746
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- Navas-Camacho A, Laredo MA, Cuesta A, Anzola H, Leon JC. 1993. Effect of supplementation with a tree legume forage on rumen function. Livestock Res. Rum. Develop Vol.5: 58–71.
- Santoso B, Mwenya B, Sar C, Gamo Y, Kobayashi T, Morikawa R, Kimura K, Mizukoshi H, Takahashi J. 2004. Effects of supplementing galacto- oligosaccharides, Yucca schidigera and nisin on rumen methanogenesis, nitrogen and energy metabolism in sheep. Livest. Prod. Sci. Vol.91: 209– 217.
- Santoso B, Mwenya B, Sar C, Takahashi J. 2006. Ruminal fermentation and nitrogen metabolism in sheep fed a silage-based diet supplemented with Yucca schidigera or Y. schidigera and nisin. Animal Feed Science and Technology Vol.129: 187–195
- Santoso B, Kilmaskossu A, Sambodo P. 2007. Effects of saponin from Biophytum petersianum Klotzsch on ruminal fermentation, microbial protein synthesis and nitrogen utilization in goats. Animal Feed Science and Technology Vol.137: 58–68
- Suharti, Sri. 2010. Modifikasi keragaman mikroba dan fermentasi rumen sapi dengan pemberian saponin lerak (Sapindus rarak). [Disertasi]. Instutut Pertanian Bogor
- Suharti S, Astuti DA, Wina E, Toharmat T. 2011. Rumen microbial population in the in vitro fermentation of different ratios of forage and concentrate in the presence of whole lerak (Sapindus rarak) fruit extract. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 24(8): 1086-1091
- Sliwinski BJ, Soliva CR, Machmuller A, Kreuzer M. 2002. Efficacy of plant extracts rich in secondary constituents to modify rumen fermentation. J. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. Vol.101: 101–114
- Sliwinski BJ, Kreuzer M, Wettstein HR, Machmüller A. 2014. Rumen fermentation and nitrogen balance of lambs fed diets containing plant extracts rich in tannins and saponins, and associated emissions of nitrogen and methane. J. Anim. Nutr. Vol. 56: 379–392
- Wang Y, McAllister TA, Newbold CJ, Rode LM, Cheeke PR, Cheng KJ. 1998. Effects of Yucca schidigera extract on fermentation and degradation of steriodal saponins in the rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC). Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. Vol.74: 143–153.
- Williams AG, Coleman GS. 1991. The Rumen Protozoa. New York(US): Springer Verlag Inc.
- Wina, E. 2005. The utilization of Sapindus rarak DC. Saponins to improve ruminant production through rumen manipulation. [PhD dissertation]. University of Hohenheim Verlag Grauer, Beuren, Stuttgart.
- Wu Z, Sadik M, Sleiman FT, Simas JM, Pessarakli M, Huber, JT. 1994. Influence of Yucca extract on ruminal metabolism in cows. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 72, 1038–1042
- Yanuartono, Nururrozi A, Indarjulianto S, Purnamaningsih H. 2017. Peran protozoa pada pencernaan ruminansia dan dampak terhadap lingkungan. J. of Trop. Anim. Prod. Vol.20(1): 16-28.
References
Alert HJ, Poppe S, Lohner M. 1993. The effect of flavomycin on the fattening performance of bulls. Arch. J. Anim. Nutr. Vol. 43: 371–380
Anantasook N, Wanapat M, Cherdthong A, Gunun P. 2014. Effect of tannins and saponins in Samanea saman on rumen environment, milk yield and milk composition in lactating dairy cows. J. Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition
Benchaar C, McAllister TA, Chouinard PY. 2008. Digestion, ruminal fermentation, ciliate protozoal populations, and milk production from dairy cows fed cinnamaldehyde, quebracho condensed tannin, or yucca schidigera saponin extracts. Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 91: 4765–4777.
Edwards JE, McEwan NR, McKain N, Walker N, Wallace RJ. 2005. Influence of flavomycin on ruminal fermentation and microbial populations in sheep. J. Microbiology Vol. 151: 717–725.
Eryavuz A, Dehority BA. 2004. Effect of Yucca schidigera extract on the concentration of rumen microorganisms in sheep. J. Animal Feed Science and Technology : 215–222
Flachowsky, G. & Richter, GH. 1991. Effect of Flavomycin on the apparent digestibility of crude protein in wethers, parameters of rumen fermentation in cattle and feed intake and weight gain of heifers. Arch. Anim. Nutr. Vol. 41: 303-310.
Gee JM, Price CL, Ridout IT, Johnson GR. Fenwick. 1997. Effects of some purified saponins on transmural potential difference in mammalian small intestine. Toxicol. In Vitro 3:85–90.
Hess HD, Beuret RA, Lötscher M, Hindrichsen IK, Machmüller A, Carulla JE, Lascano CE, Kreuzer M. 2004. Ruminal fermentation, methanogenesis and nitrogen utilization of sheep receiving tropical grass hay-concentrate diets offered with Sapindus saponaria fruits and Cratylia argentea foliage. J. Animal Science Vol. 79: 177-189.
Holtshausen L, Chaves AV, Beauchemin KA, McGinn SM, McAllister TA, Odongo NE, Cheeke PR, Benchaar C. 2009. Feeding saponin-containing Yucca schidigera and Quillaja saponaria to decrease enteric methane production in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. Vol.92: 2809–2821
Hristov AN, McAllister TA, Van Herk FH, Cheng KJ, Newbold JC, Cheeke PR. 1999. Effect of Yucca schidigera on Ruminal Fermentation and Nutrient Digestion in Heifers. J. Anim. Sci. Vol.77:2554–2563
Hussain I, Cheeke PR. 1995. Effect of dietary Yucca schidigera extract on rumen and blood profiles of steers fed concentrate or roughage-based diets. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. Vol.51: 231–242.
Klita PT, Mathison GW, Fenton TW, Hardin RT. 1996. Effects of alfalfa root saponins on digestive function in sheep. J. Anim. Sci. Vol.74: 1144–1156.
Krisnawan, Nanang. 2015. Efek asosiatif senyawa tannin dan saponin dengan pakan berbasis jerami padi amoniasi terhadap emisi gas metana dan fermentasi rumen secara in-vitro. [Tesis]. Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Lila ZA, Mohammed N, Kanda S, Kurihara M, Itabashi H. 2005. Sarsaponin effects on ruminal fermentation and microbes, methane production, digestibility and blood matabolites in steers. Asian Aust. J. Anim. Vol.12: 1746
Lovett DK, Stack L, Lovell S, Callan J, Flynn B, Hawkins M, Mara FPO. 2006. Effect of feeding Yucca schidigera extract on performance of lactating dairy cows and ruminal fermentation parameters in steers. Livst Sci. Vol.102:23-32.
Lu CD, Jorgensen NA. 1987. Alfalfa saponins affect site and extent of nutrient digestion in ruminants. J. Nutr. Vol.117: 919–927.
Makkar HPS, Sen S, Blummel M, Becker K. 1998. Effects of fractions containing saponin from Yucca schidigera, Quillaja saponaria, and Acacia auriculoformis on rumen fermentation. J. Agric. Food Chem. Vol. 46: 4324–4328
Nasri S, Salema HB, Vasta V, Abidi S, Makkar HPS, Priolo A. 2011. Effect of increasing levels of Quillaja saponaria on digestion, growth and meat quality of Barbarine lamb. J. Animal Feed Sci. & Tech. Vol 164: 71-78
Navas-Camacho A, Laredo MA, Cuesta A, Anzola H, Leon JC. 1993. Effect of supplementation with a tree legume forage on rumen function. Livestock Res. Rum. Develop Vol.5: 58–71.
Santoso B, Mwenya B, Sar C, Gamo Y, Kobayashi T, Morikawa R, Kimura K, Mizukoshi H, Takahashi J. 2004. Effects of supplementing galacto- oligosaccharides, Yucca schidigera and nisin on rumen methanogenesis, nitrogen and energy metabolism in sheep. Livest. Prod. Sci. Vol.91: 209– 217.
Santoso B, Mwenya B, Sar C, Takahashi J. 2006. Ruminal fermentation and nitrogen metabolism in sheep fed a silage-based diet supplemented with Yucca schidigera or Y. schidigera and nisin. Animal Feed Science and Technology Vol.129: 187–195
Santoso B, Kilmaskossu A, Sambodo P. 2007. Effects of saponin from Biophytum petersianum Klotzsch on ruminal fermentation, microbial protein synthesis and nitrogen utilization in goats. Animal Feed Science and Technology Vol.137: 58–68
Suharti, Sri. 2010. Modifikasi keragaman mikroba dan fermentasi rumen sapi dengan pemberian saponin lerak (Sapindus rarak). [Disertasi]. Instutut Pertanian Bogor
Suharti S, Astuti DA, Wina E, Toharmat T. 2011. Rumen microbial population in the in vitro fermentation of different ratios of forage and concentrate in the presence of whole lerak (Sapindus rarak) fruit extract. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 24(8): 1086-1091
Sliwinski BJ, Soliva CR, Machmuller A, Kreuzer M. 2002. Efficacy of plant extracts rich in secondary constituents to modify rumen fermentation. J. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. Vol.101: 101–114
Sliwinski BJ, Kreuzer M, Wettstein HR, Machmüller A. 2014. Rumen fermentation and nitrogen balance of lambs fed diets containing plant extracts rich in tannins and saponins, and associated emissions of nitrogen and methane. J. Anim. Nutr. Vol. 56: 379–392
Wang Y, McAllister TA, Newbold CJ, Rode LM, Cheeke PR, Cheng KJ. 1998. Effects of Yucca schidigera extract on fermentation and degradation of steriodal saponins in the rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC). Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. Vol.74: 143–153.
Williams AG, Coleman GS. 1991. The Rumen Protozoa. New York(US): Springer Verlag Inc.
Wina, E. 2005. The utilization of Sapindus rarak DC. Saponins to improve ruminant production through rumen manipulation. [PhD dissertation]. University of Hohenheim Verlag Grauer, Beuren, Stuttgart.
Wu Z, Sadik M, Sleiman FT, Simas JM, Pessarakli M, Huber, JT. 1994. Influence of Yucca extract on ruminal metabolism in cows. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 72, 1038–1042
Yanuartono, Nururrozi A, Indarjulianto S, Purnamaningsih H. 2017. Peran protozoa pada pencernaan ruminansia dan dampak terhadap lingkungan. J. of Trop. Anim. Prod. Vol.20(1): 16-28.