Main Article Content
Abstract
Exploring the advantages of medicinal plants encourages research on the effectiveness of medicinal plants as a substitute for antibiotics to stimulate metabolism and immunity and improve the performance and productivity of tropical chickens. This research was conducted to determine the feed efficiency and immunity of tropical chickens fed a basal diet substituted with varying amounts of garlic extract (GE). This study utilized 150 chickens that were grouped into five treatments. Each treatment had three replicates, and each replicate consisted of 10 chickens. The treatment was GE0 = control diet, GE2 = basal diet + GE 2%, GE4 = basal diet + GE 4%, GE6 = basal diet + GE 6%, and GE8 = basal diet + GE 8%. The results showed that adding garlic extract positively affected this research, indicating that garlic extract might improve the feed efficiency and immunity of tropical chickens.
Keywords
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References
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- https://doi.org/10.14670/hh-18-302
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- Qaid, M. M. and M. A. Mutassim. 2016. Role of insulin and other related hormones in energy metabolism—A review. Cogent Food and Agriculture, 2 (1): 1267691
- https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/catalog/5736555
- Rebez, E. B., V. Sejian, M. V. Silpa, and F. R. Dunshea. 2023. Heat stress and histopathological changes of vital organs: A novel approach to assess climate resilience in farm animals. Sustainability 15(2): 1242. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021242
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- https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12864-018-5333-2
References
Abdelnour, S. A., M. A. Abd El-Hack, A. F. Khafaga, M. Arif, A. E. Taha, and A. E. Noreldin. 2019. Stress biomarkers and proteomics alteration to thermal stress in ruminants: A review. Journal of Thermal Biology 79 (1): 120-134.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.12.013
Ahmad, R., Y. H. Yu, F. S. H. Hsiao, C. H. Su, H. C. Liu, I. Tobin, G. Zhang, and Y. H. Cheng. 2022. Influence of heat stress on poultry growth performance, intestinal inflammation, and immune function and potential mitigation by probiotics. Animals 12(17): 2297. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12172297
Alam, K., Q. Hoq, and S. Uddin. 2016. Medicinal plant Allium sativum. A review. Journal of Medicinal Plant Studies 4 (6): 72-79.
Applegate, T. J., and R. Angel. 2014. Nutrient requirements of poultry publication: History and need for an update. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 23(3): 567-575. https://doi.org/10.3382/japr.2014-00980
Arain, M. A., Z. Mei, F. U. Hassan, M. Saeed, M. Alagawany, A. H. Shar, and I. R. Rajput. 2018. Lycopene: a natural antioxidant for prevention of heat-induced oxidative stress in poultry. World's Poultry Science Journal 74 (1): 89-100.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043933917001040
Bernhard, R., B. Renoldner, and N. Hofer. 2016. Comparison between pathogen associated laboratory and clinical parameters in early-onset sepsis of the newborn. The Open Microbiology Journal 10: 133-139 https://doi.org/10.2174%2F1874285801610010133
Biró, A., A. Markovics, M. É Fazekas, G. Fidler, G. Szalóki, M. Paholcsek, J. Lukács, L. Stundl, and J. Remenyik. 2020. Allithiamine alleviates hyperglycaemia-induced endothelial dysfunction. Nutrients 12 (6): 1690. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061690
Borlinghaus, J., J. Foerster, U. Kappler, H. Antelmann, U. Noll, M. C. Gruhlke, and A. J. Slusarenko. 2021. Allicin, the odor of freshly crushed garlic: A review of recent progress in understanding allicin’s effects on cells. Molecules 26 (6): 1505.
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26061505
Bölükbaş, F. and Y. Öznurlu. 2022. The determination of the effect of in ovo administered monosodium glutamate on the embryonic development of thymus and bursa of Fabricius and percentages of alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase positive lymphocyte in chicken. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 29(30): 45338-45348.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19112-2
Cheng, F., Cheng, Z. H., and H. W. Meng. 2016. Transcriptomic insights into the allelopathic effects of the garlic allelochemical diallyl disulfide on tomato roots. Scientific Reports, article 38902 Retrieved August 2, 2023, from https://www.nature.com/articles/srep38902
Chmielewski, P. P. and B. J. F. M. Strzelec. 2018. Elevated leukocyte count as a harbinger of systemic inflammation, disease progression, and poor prognosis: a review. Folia morphologica 77 (2): 171-178. https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.a2017.0101
Diaz, A., C. J. Taub, M. E. Lippman, M. H. Antoni, and B. B. Blomberg. 2021. Effects of brief stress management interventions on distress and leukocyte nuclear factor kappa B expression during primary treatment for breast cancer: a randomized trial. Psychoneuroendocrinology 126: 101563.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105163
Ebeid, T. A. and I. H. Al-Homidan. 2022. Organic acids and their potential role for modulating the gastrointestinal tract, antioxidative status, immune response, and performance in poultry. World's Poultry Science Journal 78 (3): 1-19.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00439339.2022.1988803
El-Kazaz, S. E. and M. H. Hafez. 2020. Evaluation of copper nanoparticles and copper sulfate effect on immune status, behavior, and productive performance of broilers. Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research, 7 (1): 16-25. https://doi.org/10.5455%2Fjavar.2020.g388
Ezeorba, T. P. C., K. I. Chukwudozie, C. A. Ezema, E. G. Anaduaka, E. J. Nweze, and E. S. Okeke. 2022. Potentials for health and therapeutic benefits of garlic essential oils: Recent findings and future prospects. Pharmacological Research-Modern Chinese Medicine 3: 1-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prmcm.2022.100075
Gasisova, A. I., A. B. Atkenova, N. B. Ahmetzhanova, L. M. Murzabekova, and A. C. Bekenova. 2017. Morphostructure of immune system organs in cattle of different age. Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia 46 (2): 132-142. https://doi.org/10.1111/ahe.12245
Islam, R., N. Sultana, Z. Haque, and M. R. Islam. 2023. Effect of dietary dexamethasone on the morphologic and morphometric adaptations in the lymphoid organs and mortality rate in broilers. Veterinary Medicine and Science 9: 1656-1665.
https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.1139
Kozeniecki, M., R. Ludke, J. Kerner, and B. Patterson. 2020. Micronutrients in liver disease: roles, risk factors for deficiency, and recommendations for supplementation. Nutrition in Clinical Practice 35 (1): 50-62. https://doi.org/10.1002/ncp.10451
Kumbhar, S., A. Z. Khan, F. Parveen, Z. A. Nizamani, F. A. Siyal, M. E. A. El-Hack, F. Gan, Y. Liu, M. Hamid, S. A. Nido, and K. Huang. 2018. Impacts of selenium and vitamin E supplementation on mRNA of heat shock proteins, selenoproteins and antioxidants in broilers exposed to high temperature. AMB Express 8 (112). Retrieved August 2, 2023, from https://amb-express.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s13568-018-0641-0
Lewis, S. M., A. Williams, and S. C. Eisenbarth. 2019. Structure and function of the immune system in the spleen. Science Immunology 4 (33).
https://doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.aau6085
Mokhtar, D. M. and E. A. Abdelhafez. 2021. An overview of the structural and functional aspects of immune cells in teleosts. Histology Histopathology 36 (4): 399-414.
https://doi.org/10.14670/hh-18-302
Phuong, L. T. and N. Thiet. 2023. Effects of dietary energy levels from Tra fish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) oil supplementation on dry matter intake, weight gain and FCR of local chicken under tropical conditions. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 35(2). http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd35/1/3502thie.html
Pittman, R. N. 2016. Regulation of tissue. Retrieved August 2, 2023, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK54104/
Qaid, M. M. and M. A. Mutassim. 2016. Role of insulin and other related hormones in energy metabolism—A review. Cogent Food and Agriculture, 2 (1): 1267691
https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/catalog/5736555
Rebez, E. B., V. Sejian, M. V. Silpa, and F. R. Dunshea. 2023. Heat stress and histopathological changes of vital organs: A novel approach to assess climate resilience in farm animals. Sustainability 15(2): 1242. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021242
Seliger, C., B. Schaerer, M. Kohn, H. Pendl, S. Weigend, B. Kaspers, and S. Härtle. 2012. A rapid high-precision flow cytometry based technique for total white blood cell counting in chickens. Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 145(1-2): 86-99.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.10.010
Sen, S. and R. Chakraborty. 2017. Revival, modernization and integration of Indian traditional herbal medicine in clinical practice: Importance, challenges and future. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine 7 (2): 234-244.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.05.006
Seo, D. Y., S. Lee, A. Figueroa, Y.S. Kwak, N. Kim, B. D. Rhee, K. S. Ko, H. S. Bang, Y. H. Baek, and J. Han. 2012. Aged garlic extract enhances exercise-mediated improvement of metabolic parameters in high fat diet-induced obese rats. Nutrition Research and Practice 6(6): 513-519. https://synapse.koreamed.org/articles/1051261
Simpson, R. J., H. Kunz, N. Agha, and R. Graff. 2015. Exercise and the regulation of immune functions. Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science 135: 355-380.
https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.08.001
Slimen, B. I., T. Najar, A. Ghram, and M. J. O. A. P. Abdrrabba. 2016. Heat stress effects on livestock: molecular, cellular and metabolic aspects, a review. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 100 (3): 401-412. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12379
Soliman, S. A., H. H. Abd‐Elhafeez, N. E. Mohamed, B. M. Alrashdi, A. A. Alghamdi, A. Elmansi, A. S. Salah, S. A. A. El-Gendy, C. S. Rutland, and D. Massoud. 2023. Morphological and cytochemical characteristics of Varanus niloticus (Squamata, Varanidae) blood cells. Microscopy Research and Technique 86 (50): 600-613.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.24298
Song, X., Z. Yue, L. Nie, P. Zhao, K. Zhu, and Wang. 2021. Biological functions of diallyl disulfide, a garlic-derived natural organic sulfur compound. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicin. Retrieved August 1, 2023, from https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5103626
Taves, M. D., J. E. Hamden, and K. K. Soma. 2017. Local glucocorticoid production in lymphoid organs of mice and birds: Functions in lymphocyte development. Hormones and Behavior 88: 4-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.10.022
Utami, M. M. D., D. Pantaya, and A. Agus. 2018. Addition of garlic extract in ration to reduce cholesterol level of broiler. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series 953: 5103626. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/953/1/012124/meta
Vairetti, M., L. G. Di Pasqua, M. Cagna, P. Richelmi, A. Ferrigno, and C. Berardo. 2021. Changes in glutathione content in liver diseases: an update. Antioxidants 10 (3): 364.
https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10030364
Vazquez, M. I., J. Catalan-Dibene, and A. Zlotnik. 2015. B cells responses and cytokine production are regulated by their immune microenvironment. Cytokine 74 (2): 318-326.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2015.02.007
Yaman, S. O. and A. Ayhanci. 2021. Lipid peroxidation. Accenting Lipid Peroxidation, Retrieved August 1, 2023, from https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/75229
Yanai, T., M. I. Abo-Samaha, S. E. El-Kazaz, and H. G. Tohamy. 2018. Effect of stocking density on productive performance, behaviour, and histopathology of the lymphoid organs in broiler chickens. European Poultry Science/Archiv für Geflügelkunde 82 http://dx.doi.org/10.1399/eps.2018.247
Yousefi, M., Y. A. Vatnikov, E. V. Kulikov, V. G. Plushikov, S. G. Drukovsky, S. H. Hoseinifar, and H. Van Doan. 2020. The protective effects of dietary garlic on common carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to ambient ammonia toxicity. Aquaculture 526: 735400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735400
Zhang, Y., Y. Zhou, G. Sun, K. Li, Z. Li, A. Su, X. Liu, R. Jiang, R. Han, Y. Tian, X. Kang, and F. Yan. 2018. Transcriptome profile in bursa of Fabricius reveals potential mode for stress-influenced immune function in chicken stress model. BMC Genomics 19: 918.
https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12864-018-5333-2