Main Article Content
Abstract
Humate substances (HSs) are raw materials very easy to obtain and are naturally occurring organic molecules found in soil due to the humification of dead organic components. Traditionally used as conventional medicine in China and India and as soil fertilizer in agriculture. Humic acids are widely utilized as feed additives and could enhance ruminant performance. The effect of humic acid on feed intake depends on the level of supplementation, a humic acid source, experimental animals used and the region experimented. Humic acid also increases the average daily gain, and sometimes increases feed digestibility and feed efficiency in goats, cows and cattle. Enhancement of milk yield, total solids, fat-corrected milk (FCM), and energy but does not influence milk composition. That supplementation also lowers blood cholesterol, excluding eosinophil and neutrophil, without affecting the haematological value. HSs also have anti-bacterial properties and HSs affect gut microbiota and rumen, such as increasing fungi counts and pH alteration, but the effect on bacteria and the protozoal population is non-consistent. In other trials, HSs have also been shown to reduce the process of methanogenesis.
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References
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- Aristimunha, P. C., Mallheiros, R. D Ferket, P. R., Cardinal, K. M., Filho, A. L.B.Moreira, Santos, E. T., Cavalcante, and D. T. Ribeiro. 2020. “Effect of Dietary Organic Acids and Humic Substance Supplementation on Performance, Immune Response and Gut Morphology of Broiler Chickens.” Journal of Applied Poultry Research 29(1): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/japr/pfz031.
- Bradley, CL. 2020. “Understanding the Benefits of Humic Substances in Animal Nutrition.” (August): 1–5.
- Cusack, P. M.V. 2008. “Effects of a Dietary Complex of Humic and Fulvic Acids (FeedMAX 15TM) on the Health and Production of Feedlot Cattle Destined for the Australian Domestic Market.” Australian Veterinary Journal 86(1–2): 46–49.
- Degirmencioglu, T. 2012. “Possibilities of Using Humic Acid in Diets for Saanen Goats.” Mljekarstvo 62(4): 278–83.
- Degirmencioglu, T. 2014. “Using Humic Acid in Diets for Dairy Goats.” Animal Science Papers and Reports 32(1): 25–32.
- Disetlhe, ARP., U Marume, V Mlambo, and A Hugo. 2019. “Effects of Dietary Humic Acid and Enzymes on Meat Quality and Fatty Acid Profiles of Broiler Chickens Fed Canola-Based Diets.” Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 32(5): 711–20.
- El-Zaiat, HM., AS. Morsy, EA El-Wakeel, MM. Anwer and SM Sallam. 2018. “Impact of Humic Acid as an Organic Additive on Ruminal Fermentation Constituents, Blood Parameters and Milk Production in Goats and Their Kids Growth Rate.” Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 27(2): 105–13.
- Galip, N., U Polat, and H Biricik. 2009. “Effects of Supplemental Humic Acid on Ruminal Fermentation and Blood Variables in Rams.” Italian Journal of Animal Science 9(4): 390–93.
- Hakan, K. B., Y. Gultekin, and S. Ozge. 2012. “Effects of Boric Acid and Humate Supplementation on Performance and Egg Quality Parameters of Laying Hens.” Revista Brasileira de Ciencia Avicola 14(4): 283–89.
- Hassan, AA., AZM Salem,, MMY Elghandour, SH Abu Hafsa, , PRK Reddy, SES.Atia and L.Vidu. 2020. “Humic Substances Isolated from Clay Soil May Improve the Ruminal Fermentation, Milk Yield, and Fatty Acid Profile: A Novel Approach in Dairy Cows.” Animal Feed Science and Technology 268.
- De Hita, D., M Fuentes, M Olaetxea, R Baigorri, AM Zamarreño, R Berbara, and JM Garcia-Mina. 2019. “Humic Substances: A Valuable Agronomic Tool for Improving Crop Adaptation to Saline Water Irrigation.” Water Science and Technology: Water Supply 19(6): 1735–40.
- Fascina V.B., JR Sartori, E Gonzales, FB de Carvalho, IMGP de Souza, GD Polycarpo, AC Stradiotti, VC Pelicia. 2012. Phytogenic additives and organic acids in broiler chicken diets. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 41, 2189–2197.
- Ikyume, TT., A. O. Oni , A. O. Yusuf , O. S. Sowande , and S. Adegbehin. 2020. “Rumen Metabolites and Microbiome of Semi-Intensively Managed West African Dwarf Goats Supplemented Concentrate Diet of Varying Levels of Sodium Humate.” Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Sciences 51(2): 263–70.
- Kholif, AE., OH Matloup, EA EL-Bltagy, OA Olafadehan, SMA Sallam and HM El-Zaiat. 2021. “Humic Substances in the Diet of Lactating Cows Enhanced Feed Utilization, Altered Ruminal Fermentation, and Improved Milk Yield and Fatty Acid Profile: Humic Acid in the Diet of Lactating Cows.” Livestock Science 253(September): 104699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104699.
- Kumar, A., M Toghyani, K S Kheravi, L Pineda, Y Han , R A Swick, and Shu-Biao Wu. 2021. “Potential of Blended Organic Acids to Improve Performance and Health of Broilers Infected with Necrotic Enteritis.” Animal Nutrition 7(2): 440–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2020.11.006.
- Li, Ji , X Hao,, M C.M.van Loosdrecht Y Luo and D Cao. 2019. “Effect of Humic Acids on Batch Anaerobic Digestion of Excess Sludge.” Water Research 155: 431–43.
- Dhingra M and P Goel. 2016. “Humic Substances: Prospects for Use in Agriculture and Medicine.” In Intech, , 225–40. https://www.intechopen.com/books/advanced-biometric-technologies/liveness-detection-in-biometrics.
- Majewska, M P., R Miltko, J Skomiał, and B Kowalik. 2017. “Influence of Humic Acid Supplemented to Sheep Diets on Rumen Enzymatic Activity.” Medycyna Weterynaryjna 73(12): 770–73.
- Marcin, A , P Naď , M Skalická, L Bujňák, S Gancarčíková. 2021. “Effect of Humic Acid Substances on Proteolytic Activity in Intestine, Digestibility of Crude Protein and Protein Content in the Blood of Broiler Chickens.” Acta Fytotechnica et Zootechnica 24: 159–63.
- McMurphy, CP. 2007. “Effects of Humic/Fulvic Acid on Rumen Fermentation Holstein Steers.” In Thesis Departement of Animal Sciences The University of Arizona,.
- McMurphy, C. P, G. C. Duff , M. A. Harris , S. R. Sanders , N. K. Chirase , C. R. Bailey and R. M. Ibrahim. 2009. “Effect of Humic/Fulvic Acid in Beef Cattle Finishing Diets on Animal Performance, Ruminal Ammonia and Serum Urea Nitrogen Concentration.” Journal of Applied Animal Research 35(2): 97–100.
- De Melo, BAG, FL Motta, MH Santana, and Andrade. 2016. “Humic Acids: Structural Properties and Multiple Functionalities for Novel Technological Developments.” Materials Science and Engineering C 62: 967–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2015.12.001.
- Nagpal, R., Puniya, A. K., Griffith, G. W., Goel, G., Puniya, M., Sehgal, J. P., Singh, K. 2009. “Anaerobic Rumen Fungi: Potential and Applications.” In Agriculturally Important Micro-Organisms, , 375–93. http://hdl.handle.net/2160/4570.
- Nardi, S, M Schiavon, and O Francioso. 2021. “Chemical Structure and Biological Activity of Humic Substances Define Their Role as Plant Growth Promoters.” Molecules 26(8).
- Prokešová, M., M Bušová, M Zare, HQ Tran, E Kučerová, AP Ivanova, T Gebauer, V Stejskal. 2021. “Effect of Humic Substances as Feed Additive on the Growth Performance, Antioxidant Status, and Health Condition of African Catfish (Clarias Gariepinus, Burchell 1822).” Animals 11(8).
- Rizal, Y, and Y Marlida. 2013. “Effects of Humic Acid Addition via Drinking Water on the Performance of Broilers Fed Diets Containing Fermented and Non-Fermented Palm Kernel Cake.” Archiva Zootechnica 161: 41–53.
- Sheng, P., G. O. Ribeiro, Y. Wang, and T. A. McAllister. 2017. “613 Humic Substances Supplementation Reduces Ruminal Methane Production and Increases the Efficiency of Microbial Protein Synthesis in Vitro.” Journal of Animal Science 95(suppl_4): 300–300.
- Terry, SA., G Oliveira Ribeiro, R J. Gruninger, M Hunerberg, S Ping,¶ Alex V. Chaves, J Burlet, K A Beauchemin, and T A McAllister. 2018. “Effect of Humic Substances on Rumen Fermentation, Nutrient Digestibility, Methane Emissions, and Rumen Microbiota in Beef Heifers.” Journal of Animal Science 96(9): 3863–77.
- Teter, A., K Monika Kedzierska-Matysek, J Barłowska , J Król and M Florek 2021. “The Effect of Humic Mineral Substances from Oxyhumolite on the Coagulation Properties and Mineral Content of the Milk of Holstein-Friesian Cows.” Animals 11(7).
- Bander MH., Hanaa A. J. Al-Galbi and Jalal O. Usser. 2022. “Effect of Humic Acid Supplementation on Rumen Parameters in Arabi Male Lambs.” Neuro Quantology 20(8): 7635–41.
- Váradyová, Z., S Kišidayová, and D Jalč. 2009. “Effect of Humic Acid on Fermentation and Ciliate Protozoan Population in Rumen Fluid of Sheep in Vitro.” Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 89(11): 1936–41.
- Verrillo, M., M Salzano, D Savy, V Cozzolino and A Piccolo 2022. “Antibacterial and Antioxidant Properties of Humic Substances from Composted Agricultural Biomasses.” Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture 9(1): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40538-022-00291-6.
- Visscher, C., M “Performance, fermentation characteristics and composition of the microbiome in the digest of piglets kept on a feed with humic acid-rich peat. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2019;6:29. DOI:10.3389/ fvets.2019.00029. 2 Frontiers in Veterinary Science 6(FEB): 1–10.
- Yüca, S, and M Gül. 2021. “Effect of Adding Humate to the Ration of Dairy Cows on Yield Performance.” Ankara Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi 68(1): 7–14.
- Zigo, F., M Vasiľ, Z Farkašová, S Ondrašovičová, M Zigová, J Maľová, J Výrostková, B Jolanta and PK Ewa. 2020. “Impact of Humic Acid as an Organic Additive on the Milk Parameters and Occurrence of Mastitis in Dairy Cows.” Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences 14(February): 358–64.
References
Ampong, K, MS. Thilakaranthna, and LY Gorim. 2022. “Understanding the Role of Humic Acids on Crop Performance and Soil Health.” Frontiers in Agronomy 4(March): 1–14.
Aristimunha, P. C., Mallheiros, R. D Ferket, P. R., Cardinal, K. M., Filho, A. L.B.Moreira, Santos, E. T., Cavalcante, and D. T. Ribeiro. 2020. “Effect of Dietary Organic Acids and Humic Substance Supplementation on Performance, Immune Response and Gut Morphology of Broiler Chickens.” Journal of Applied Poultry Research 29(1): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/japr/pfz031.
Bradley, CL. 2020. “Understanding the Benefits of Humic Substances in Animal Nutrition.” (August): 1–5.
Cusack, P. M.V. 2008. “Effects of a Dietary Complex of Humic and Fulvic Acids (FeedMAX 15TM) on the Health and Production of Feedlot Cattle Destined for the Australian Domestic Market.” Australian Veterinary Journal 86(1–2): 46–49.
Degirmencioglu, T. 2012. “Possibilities of Using Humic Acid in Diets for Saanen Goats.” Mljekarstvo 62(4): 278–83.
Degirmencioglu, T. 2014. “Using Humic Acid in Diets for Dairy Goats.” Animal Science Papers and Reports 32(1): 25–32.
Disetlhe, ARP., U Marume, V Mlambo, and A Hugo. 2019. “Effects of Dietary Humic Acid and Enzymes on Meat Quality and Fatty Acid Profiles of Broiler Chickens Fed Canola-Based Diets.” Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 32(5): 711–20.
El-Zaiat, HM., AS. Morsy, EA El-Wakeel, MM. Anwer and SM Sallam. 2018. “Impact of Humic Acid as an Organic Additive on Ruminal Fermentation Constituents, Blood Parameters and Milk Production in Goats and Their Kids Growth Rate.” Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 27(2): 105–13.
Galip, N., U Polat, and H Biricik. 2009. “Effects of Supplemental Humic Acid on Ruminal Fermentation and Blood Variables in Rams.” Italian Journal of Animal Science 9(4): 390–93.
Hakan, K. B., Y. Gultekin, and S. Ozge. 2012. “Effects of Boric Acid and Humate Supplementation on Performance and Egg Quality Parameters of Laying Hens.” Revista Brasileira de Ciencia Avicola 14(4): 283–89.
Hassan, AA., AZM Salem,, MMY Elghandour, SH Abu Hafsa, , PRK Reddy, SES.Atia and L.Vidu. 2020. “Humic Substances Isolated from Clay Soil May Improve the Ruminal Fermentation, Milk Yield, and Fatty Acid Profile: A Novel Approach in Dairy Cows.” Animal Feed Science and Technology 268.
De Hita, D., M Fuentes, M Olaetxea, R Baigorri, AM Zamarreño, R Berbara, and JM Garcia-Mina. 2019. “Humic Substances: A Valuable Agronomic Tool for Improving Crop Adaptation to Saline Water Irrigation.” Water Science and Technology: Water Supply 19(6): 1735–40.
Fascina V.B., JR Sartori, E Gonzales, FB de Carvalho, IMGP de Souza, GD Polycarpo, AC Stradiotti, VC Pelicia. 2012. Phytogenic additives and organic acids in broiler chicken diets. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 41, 2189–2197.
Ikyume, TT., A. O. Oni , A. O. Yusuf , O. S. Sowande , and S. Adegbehin. 2020. “Rumen Metabolites and Microbiome of Semi-Intensively Managed West African Dwarf Goats Supplemented Concentrate Diet of Varying Levels of Sodium Humate.” Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Sciences 51(2): 263–70.
Kholif, AE., OH Matloup, EA EL-Bltagy, OA Olafadehan, SMA Sallam and HM El-Zaiat. 2021. “Humic Substances in the Diet of Lactating Cows Enhanced Feed Utilization, Altered Ruminal Fermentation, and Improved Milk Yield and Fatty Acid Profile: Humic Acid in the Diet of Lactating Cows.” Livestock Science 253(September): 104699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104699.
Kumar, A., M Toghyani, K S Kheravi, L Pineda, Y Han , R A Swick, and Shu-Biao Wu. 2021. “Potential of Blended Organic Acids to Improve Performance and Health of Broilers Infected with Necrotic Enteritis.” Animal Nutrition 7(2): 440–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2020.11.006.
Li, Ji , X Hao,, M C.M.van Loosdrecht Y Luo and D Cao. 2019. “Effect of Humic Acids on Batch Anaerobic Digestion of Excess Sludge.” Water Research 155: 431–43.
Dhingra M and P Goel. 2016. “Humic Substances: Prospects for Use in Agriculture and Medicine.” In Intech, , 225–40. https://www.intechopen.com/books/advanced-biometric-technologies/liveness-detection-in-biometrics.
Majewska, M P., R Miltko, J Skomiał, and B Kowalik. 2017. “Influence of Humic Acid Supplemented to Sheep Diets on Rumen Enzymatic Activity.” Medycyna Weterynaryjna 73(12): 770–73.
Marcin, A , P Naď , M Skalická, L Bujňák, S Gancarčíková. 2021. “Effect of Humic Acid Substances on Proteolytic Activity in Intestine, Digestibility of Crude Protein and Protein Content in the Blood of Broiler Chickens.” Acta Fytotechnica et Zootechnica 24: 159–63.
McMurphy, CP. 2007. “Effects of Humic/Fulvic Acid on Rumen Fermentation Holstein Steers.” In Thesis Departement of Animal Sciences The University of Arizona,.
McMurphy, C. P, G. C. Duff , M. A. Harris , S. R. Sanders , N. K. Chirase , C. R. Bailey and R. M. Ibrahim. 2009. “Effect of Humic/Fulvic Acid in Beef Cattle Finishing Diets on Animal Performance, Ruminal Ammonia and Serum Urea Nitrogen Concentration.” Journal of Applied Animal Research 35(2): 97–100.
De Melo, BAG, FL Motta, MH Santana, and Andrade. 2016. “Humic Acids: Structural Properties and Multiple Functionalities for Novel Technological Developments.” Materials Science and Engineering C 62: 967–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2015.12.001.
Nagpal, R., Puniya, A. K., Griffith, G. W., Goel, G., Puniya, M., Sehgal, J. P., Singh, K. 2009. “Anaerobic Rumen Fungi: Potential and Applications.” In Agriculturally Important Micro-Organisms, , 375–93. http://hdl.handle.net/2160/4570.
Nardi, S, M Schiavon, and O Francioso. 2021. “Chemical Structure and Biological Activity of Humic Substances Define Their Role as Plant Growth Promoters.” Molecules 26(8).
Prokešová, M., M Bušová, M Zare, HQ Tran, E Kučerová, AP Ivanova, T Gebauer, V Stejskal. 2021. “Effect of Humic Substances as Feed Additive on the Growth Performance, Antioxidant Status, and Health Condition of African Catfish (Clarias Gariepinus, Burchell 1822).” Animals 11(8).
Rizal, Y, and Y Marlida. 2013. “Effects of Humic Acid Addition via Drinking Water on the Performance of Broilers Fed Diets Containing Fermented and Non-Fermented Palm Kernel Cake.” Archiva Zootechnica 161: 41–53.
Sheng, P., G. O. Ribeiro, Y. Wang, and T. A. McAllister. 2017. “613 Humic Substances Supplementation Reduces Ruminal Methane Production and Increases the Efficiency of Microbial Protein Synthesis in Vitro.” Journal of Animal Science 95(suppl_4): 300–300.
Terry, SA., G Oliveira Ribeiro, R J. Gruninger, M Hunerberg, S Ping,¶ Alex V. Chaves, J Burlet, K A Beauchemin, and T A McAllister. 2018. “Effect of Humic Substances on Rumen Fermentation, Nutrient Digestibility, Methane Emissions, and Rumen Microbiota in Beef Heifers.” Journal of Animal Science 96(9): 3863–77.
Teter, A., K Monika Kedzierska-Matysek, J Barłowska , J Król and M Florek 2021. “The Effect of Humic Mineral Substances from Oxyhumolite on the Coagulation Properties and Mineral Content of the Milk of Holstein-Friesian Cows.” Animals 11(7).
Bander MH., Hanaa A. J. Al-Galbi and Jalal O. Usser. 2022. “Effect of Humic Acid Supplementation on Rumen Parameters in Arabi Male Lambs.” Neuro Quantology 20(8): 7635–41.
Váradyová, Z., S Kišidayová, and D Jalč. 2009. “Effect of Humic Acid on Fermentation and Ciliate Protozoan Population in Rumen Fluid of Sheep in Vitro.” Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 89(11): 1936–41.
Verrillo, M., M Salzano, D Savy, V Cozzolino and A Piccolo 2022. “Antibacterial and Antioxidant Properties of Humic Substances from Composted Agricultural Biomasses.” Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture 9(1): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40538-022-00291-6.
Visscher, C., M “Performance, fermentation characteristics and composition of the microbiome in the digest of piglets kept on a feed with humic acid-rich peat. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2019;6:29. DOI:10.3389/ fvets.2019.00029. 2 Frontiers in Veterinary Science 6(FEB): 1–10.
Yüca, S, and M Gül. 2021. “Effect of Adding Humate to the Ration of Dairy Cows on Yield Performance.” Ankara Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi 68(1): 7–14.
Zigo, F., M Vasiľ, Z Farkašová, S Ondrašovičová, M Zigová, J Maľová, J Výrostková, B Jolanta and PK Ewa. 2020. “Impact of Humic Acid as an Organic Additive on the Milk Parameters and Occurrence of Mastitis in Dairy Cows.” Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences 14(February): 358–64.